Paris is one of the grand cities of late Western civilization – entirely taken up with business, shopping, eating, beauty care, tourism, etc. But as a sombre counterpoint to all this relentless activity are the funerary monuments of the 19th century. Now located in very commercial districts but entirely off the touristic beaten path, they commemorate the victims of the disasters, crimes and misfortunes of the past. Like the tall clock in the last black velvet room in The Masque of the Red Death, they serve as a stark memento mori to the revelers outside, lost in the frenzy of modernity. They also bear witness to the once strong Catholic faith of France – even amid the secularizing society of the 19th century.  A fortunate “break in the action” on a recent business trip gave me the opportunity to revisit these memorials.

Not too far from the Gare Saint-Lazare is the Chapelle Expiatoire, the oldest and largest of the chapels we will consider. It commemorates the spot where the bodies of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI were found after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815. After their execution by the Revolutionary government, their bodies had been unceremoniously deposited in the cemetery of the Madeleine which soon received so many more victims as the terror progressed.  The chapel was erected by Louis XVIII, the first king of the restoration and finished in 1826 by his successor, Charles X. Like the other chapels we will visit, the Chapelle Expiatoire is a cenotaph – King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were reburied in the basilica of Saint Denis.

Once located in a romantic park, the chapel is now surrounded by 19th century commercial buildings. An entrance pavilion leads to an open walkway flanked by unmarked graves on either side – commemorating the Swiss guards of the king massacred in 1792. They now stand eternal watch before what had been the resting place of their king. The domed chapel itself is a severe yet brightly lit neoclassical space. The decoration of the ceilings and floor is simple and elegant: that is also true of the sanctuary which unfortunately is no longer in regular use. In the side apses are statues of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette consoled by Faith and an angel.

Marie Antoinette was originally scheduled to be guillotined between two prostitutes….

In a dark passage beneath the chapel is a starkly simple altar marking the spot where the royal bodies were found. One thinks of the many other victims dumped in this cemetery whose bodies may not have been exhumed. Returning to the surface, a visitor can explore arched aisles that flank the chapel grounds.  These passages, sheltered from the noise of the traffic outside, inspire one to reflect once more on the many early, forgotten victims of the birth of modernity who were or still are interred here.

In the 19th century the Chapelle Expiatoire was threatened again and again by revolutionaries, Communards and freemasons.  The altar has not been used regularly since the !880’s.  By 1914 the ideological threats had abated, and the chapel has survived until our time, if only as a “national monument.” But each year a memorial mass is still celebrated on the day of Louis XVI’s death, January 21.

The Chapelle Notre Dame de Compassion sits in a small park – a kind of traffic island – not too far from Porte Maillot. Near here, in 1842, Prince Ferdinand-Philippe, heir to the French throne, fell out of his coach when the horses reared. He died in a nearby house. It was a catastrophe for the Orleans monarchy, which had been pursuing a dubious “middle way” between Christian monarchy and 19^thcentury capitalism.

King Louis-Philippe and Queen Marie-Amélie had a chapel constructed on the location of his death. Completed in 1843, it has remained near this site ever since. I say remained, because in the 1970 it was moved, stone-by-stone, a few hundred yards to accommodate the construction of the monstrous Palais des Congres. 

The architecture, in a Byzantine style, makes a dark, mysterious impression.  Inside, the sombre effect is reinforced by the exposed stonework and the black and white of the floor and altar.  Yet this small chapel has some remarkable works of art. A marble sculpture by Triqueti shows Prince Ferdinand-Philippe at the moment of death. Above is a praying angel, sculpted by Ferdinand-Philippe’s sister, Marie d’Orléans, one of the first female sculptors in Europe. Triqueti also created the expressive Pieta above the altar with the features of the prince and his mother.

But the chapel’s real treasure is the set of the stained-glass windows, made to the designs of Ingres. They depict the theological virtues and saints associated with the reigning French royal family. The obscure interior displays them to great advantage.  Close inspection reveals that St. Philip has the features of Louis-Philippe, Saint Amalia those of the Queen and that St. Ferdinand is a portrait of the defunct prince. Perhaps we look askance such practices nowadays! But Ingres – a partisan of King Louis-Philippe – left here a remarkable achievement in a medium not normally associated with his neoclassical style. And the chapel itself, combining in its architecture and decoration Byzantine, neoclassical, Romanesque and realistic elements is a remarkable artistic success.

In contrast to the Chapelle Expiatoire, Notre Dame de Compassion remains an active church; indeed, in 1993 it was elevated to a parish. There are usually one or two women at prayer; fresh flowers are placed before the altar. Are they a legacy from the dwindling ranks of the French monarchists? Or is this silent, obscure interior – commemorating a tragedy of so many years ago – especially conducive to prayer by those beset by the sorrows of a deaf and unforgiving world?

The Chapelle Notre Dame de Consolation, located a couple of blocks from the heart of the luxury shopping district of Paris, is the memorial of a horrific tragedy in 1897. The Bazar de la Charité was an annual fundraising event sponsored by Catholic aristocrats. In 1897, the lavish pavilion featured a recent invention: a movie projector. But, powered by very flammable oil, it exploded when the fair was full of visitors. Within minutes the bazaar was a mass of flame. Women ran out with their elaborate hats of the fashion of that day aflame; others were burned alive or trampled to death in the crush. When it was over some 126 people – mostly Catholic, mostly women and children, were dead. This tragedy left its mark in the literature of the time: Joris-Karl Huysmans and Leon Bloy – the latter in a singularly unpleasant commentary – make reference to it. Now and then it returns to the public eye. The New York Times wrote about it some ten years ago and a French television channel is supposed to air a presentation on the Bazar de la Charité this year.

The families of the victims purchased the fairgrounds where the tragedy occurred and funded the construction of the chapel, completed in 1900. It is a lavish affair, reproducing in Paris a 17^thcentury Roman baroque church. The interior overflows with marble and statuary, gleaming metalwork and paintings. Above, in the cupola, the Virgin points out to the victims the path leading to Paradise. 

At the rear of the church is a “cloister” with beautiful silver stations of the cross.  Set among the solemn halls are sculptures and cenotaphs commemorating the dead. A marble copy of a famous image of the dead Christ in Naples was donated by an American woman who had escaped the flames. An elegant cenotaph honors the memory of the most prominent victim:  Sophie Charlotte of Bavaria, the Duchesse D’ Alencon.  She was the sister of the famous Sissi – the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph – and herself once had been betrothed to King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The most poignant memorial, however, is a case holding personal items rescued from the inferno: rosaries and prayer books belonging to the victims as well as two charred dolls….

Despite all the splendor, Notre Dame de Consolation is a somber memorial, quiet and mysterious. Yet it is also full of life. Because the chapel still belongs to the association of the descendants of the victims, it is outside the jurisdiction at the Archdiocese of Paris. Not long ago the association entrusted the chapel to the FSSPX. At mass times the chapel is full again. indeed, Notre Dame de Consolation today boasts an amenity not commonly needed in the Catholic churches of France: a cry-room! So, this domain of the dead has returned to full life, both liturgically and physically. I am sure the victims of that long-ago disaster are pleased!

1. Chapelle Expiatoire
2. Chapelle Notre Dame de Compassion
3. Chapelle Notre Dame de Consolation

Peter A. Kwasniewski

(Lecture delivered at St. Mary’s parish, Norwalk, CT, on Thursday, February 14)

Repetition in the liturgy is a profound topic, and I am under no illusions that I will be able to offer a comprehensive or definitive account of it. Rather, I would like to suggest some ways of thinking about repetition that may help us to appreciate its positive value, over against the assumptions that stood behind the far-reaching simplification of liturgical rites in the 20^thcentury.

First, I will look at a symptomatic text in the Second Vatican Council; second, I will explore the psychological value of repetition; third, I will examine formal repetition in a sacred context and use the Confiteor as my case study; fourth, I will consider whether there is room for improvement in the old rite of Mass; finally, I will discuss certain temptations that arise with repetition, and thus come to my conclusion.

A weak link in Sacrosanctum Concilium’s chain

Among the worst casualties of the liturgical reform were prayers and gestures in the Mass that were judged to be instances of “useless repetition,” such as the doubled Confiteor, the ninefold Kyrie,the threefold Domine, non sum dignus,and the genuflections and signs of the cross in the Roman Canon. Such purgings were said to have been done in fulfillment of the criteria given in paragraph 50 of the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium:

The rite of the Mass is to be revised in such a way that the intrinsic nature and purpose of its several parts, as also the connection between them, may be more clearly manifested, and that devout and active participation by the faithful may be more easily achieved. For this purpose the rites are to be simplified [simpliciores fiant], due care being taken to preserve their substance [substantia]; elements which, with the passage of time, came to be duplicated, or were added with but little advantage, are now to be discarded; other elements which have suffered injury through accidents of history are now to be restored to the vigor which they had in the days of the holy Fathers, as may seem useful or necessary.[1]

The dictates in this paragraph rest on more universal principles enunciated in paragraph 34:

The rites should be distinguished by a noble simplicity; they should be short, clear, and unencumbered by useless repetitions; they should be within the people’s powers of comprehension, and normally should not require much explanation.[2]

            We might note, first, that this is a rather poor translation of the Latin[3]—affording us yet another example of why a fresh and more accurate English edition of the conciliar documents is desperately overdue:

The rites should shine forth with a noble simplicity; they should be clear in brevity, avoid unprofitable repetitions, and be accommodated to the faithful’s capacity; nor should they generally require many explanations.

While this rendering makes the text not quite so heavy-handed, it is still, regrettably, one of the weaker statements in the Constitution, as can be seen from five angles.

            First, what exactly is meant by “simplicity”? The simplicity of God is actually infinite and pre-inclusive of all things; the simplicity of prime matter is potentially infinite and totally indefinite; the simplicity of a saint is bound to look strange to the world; the simplicity of a child is easily taken advantage of. Adding the qualifier “noble” helps only a little. 

            Second, that rites be brevitate perspicui,“clear in [their] brevity,” raises a host of questions left unanswered: why should we think that a ritual enactment of an unfathomable mystery could ever be transparent to the eyes of body or of soul? Why should we think that conciseness would help, rather than hinder, our assimilation of this mystery?[4] Aidan Nichols writes: “To the sociologist, it is by no means self-evident that brief, clear rites have greater transformative potential than complex, abundant, lavish, rich, long rites, furnished with elaborate ceremonial.”[5] The Eastern tradition works on the opposite assumption, namely, that leisurely length, waves of repetition, and a certain obscurity are essential to the liturgy—a fact to which Pope John Paul II bore witness when he wrote, concerning the Byzantine liturgy: “The lengthy duration of the celebrations, the repeated invocations, everything expresses gradual identification with the mystery celebrated with one’s whole person”[6]—and the same may be said of the Western tradition at its best. Art historians love to speak of the chiaroscuroof Baroque painters, but the painters are not the inventors of this approach to light and darkness. The liturgy is the chiaroscuro of the divine mysteries, which shine forth with a light far too bright for our intellects to comprehend.

            Third, that rites should “avoid unprofitable repetition” leaves one scratching one’s head. If we are speaking about senseless babbling, like a broken record or a scratched compact disc, who could disagree, and why would it need to be said at all? On the other hand, verbal repetition is one of the most common literary devices found in Scripture (“Amen, amen, I say to you”[7]), in the world’s great poetry (“Quoth the Raven ‘Nevermore’”[8]), in popular devotions (the Rosary, litanies, novenas), and in all liturgies (e.g., dozens of “Lord have mercy’s” in the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom), so the criterion can also come across sounding uneducated or, worse, ideological.

A meaningless repetition of elements is rightly avoided as irrational. How different is the chanting of the Litany of the Saints or the Litany of Loreto, the Paters and Aves counted on the beads of a well-loved rosary, or the cascading Kyries of a Byzantine Divine Liturgy! Of such insistent pleading, it is Our Lord himself who offered the definitive example in the Garden of Gethsemane: “He left them again, and went away and prayed a third time, saying the same thing once more” (Mt 26:44; cf. Mk 14:39).[9]

The conciliar text, in its far-from-clear brevity, does not specify when repetition is useful and when it is not, nor what the criteria of utility might be. There is no hint of awareness that emphasizing the concept of usefulness might betray a utilitarianism at odds with deeper considerations of spirituality, aesthetics, and tradition.

            Fourth, the statement that rites ought to be “accommodated to the faithful’s capacity” is totally unhelpful. Are “the faithful” an undifferentiated homogeneous mass? Some are well-catechized, others are ignorant; some are new to the Faith, others lifelong devotees; some are inclined to contemplative prayer, others are extroverts who find it hard to quiet down and concentrate; some are avid readers of Guéranger’s Liturgical Year, others have barely taken notice of the Liturgical Movement’s existence. There is no way to succeed in creating a liturgical rite aimed at an ill-defined or indefinable “capacity of the faithful.”[10] It is the faithfulwhose diverse capacities must be accommodated to the liturgy’s immense reality, not the liturgy that must be retooled and refashioned to suit an imaginary congregation. As we know, the default assumption later on was that liturgy should be accommodated to the lowest denomi­nator, that is, the Catholic who knows almost nothing, makes no effort to cultivate his interior life, and, consequently, needs to be constantly animated from without.

            Fifth, the requirement that liturgical rites should not “generally require many explanations” is baffling in light of paragraph 34’s call for simplification. A rite is communicative to the extent that it is permeated with signs or symbols, and thus one might believe that the more densely symbolic it is, and the more numerous and pronounced its gestures, and the richer its prayers, the more powerfully it will be able to communicate to a receptive soul—and precisely without the need for many explanations. But if a rite is too obvious, too brief, too straightforward, and too stripped down, it will take a huge amount of explanation to persuade people that something important, numinous, transformative, or miraculous is happening. If one wishes to avoid a lot of verbal explanations before, during, and after the liturgy, one has to protect the liturgy’s own inherent language of vestments, manipulatives, places, postures, gestures, chants, orations, and silences.

            Sometimes one wonders howSacrosanctum Concilium might have been written, if its authors had been altar card-carrying members of Roman Catholicism who had harnessed the insights of anthropology, psychology, and theology. Let’s imagine how paragraph 34 in particular could have sounded:

The rites should shine forth with the beauty of a unified complexity that mirrors the infinite simplicity of God and the ordered multiplicity of His creation. They should combine clarity and obscurity, length and brevity; they should cultivate meaningful repetition, accentuate symbolic objects and actions, and eschew verbal explanations. To the faithful who seek holiness, the rites should offer a lifelong apprenticeship in the Church’s prayer of adoration, contrition, supplication, and thanksgiving.

In other words, the rites should be the traditional Western rites that the Church already had, most notably the Roman Rite. There was no need to “improve” them; rather, the deformations that had occurred under Pope Pius XII, above all the massacre of Holy Week, should have been undone. 

            In any case, paragraph 34 is what it is, and must stand or fall on its own merits.

One interesting detail I should like to mention is that the draft of Sacrosanctum Concilium examined by the Central Preparatory Commission says not inutiles but ineptas: that “repetitiones ineptas” should be avoided. According to Lewis and Short, ineptas means “inept, unsuitable, tasteless, absurd.”It was the Rev. Augustin-Joseph Antoine Sépinski, O.F.M., Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, who suggested the change to inutiles.[11]Was this small change made in order to smooth the path for those on the Commission who wanted to do away with, for example, the ninefold Kyrie? It would be very difficult, after all, to argue that a repetition like that was “inept, unsuitable, tasteless, absurd,” but easier to argue that it ought to be suppressed or trimmed back because it is “useless, unserviceable, unprofitable” (as the Lewis and Short translates inutiles).

            Why was it even thought necessary to ask for a removal of repetitions? Where did the negative attitude come from? Let me offer as an illustration the following passage from Romano Guardini’s famous and influential book The Spirit of the Liturgy(1918):

The justification of methods of prayer such as, e.g., the Rosary, must not be gainsaid. They have a necessary and peculiar effect in the spiritual life. They clearly express the difference which exists between liturgical and popular prayer. The liturgy has for its fundamental principle, Ne bis idem [never the same thing twice]. It aims at a continuous progress of ideas, mood, and intention. Popular devotion, on the contrary, has a strongly contemplative character, and loves to linger around a few simple images, ideas, and moods without any swift changes of thought. For the people the forms of devotion are often merely a means of being with God. On this account they love repetition. The ever-renewed requests of the Our Father, Hail Mary, etc., are for them at the same time receptacles into which they can pour their hearts.[12]

            This is an odd thing for a man of Guardini’s stature to say, for surely he knew thatallliturgical prayer in East and West includes repetition, no less than he knew that popular devotions involve progression, as in the mysteries of the Rosary, the versicles of the Angelus, or the Stations of the Cross. Moreover, the characteristic he attributes to popular devotion, namely, that it has a contemplative character, can just as readily be attributed to the liturgy, especially in the Western sphere. Perhaps it was this kind of dichotomous thinking that stood behind the campaign againstrepetitiones inutiles.

Members of the Liturgical Movement often praised the “objectivity” of liturgy and sleighted the “subjectivism” of devotion. While there is some truth to this contrast, there is also a tendency to oversimplification if we forget the way in which the sphere of liturgy is so grand in its objectivity that it makes room for an almost endless subjective involvement of the faithful, and at the same time, that Catholic devotions at their best possess a rock-solid dogmatic core and lend themselves to, or inspire the creation of, quasi-liturgical literary and artistic forms. One might think of the many musical compositions, some of them truly great, that have been inspired by the Stations of the Cross, and served as food for meditation in the popular paraliturgies of Good Friday.

The psychological value of repetition

We need to ask ourselves deeper questions than the authors of Sacrosanctum Concilium evidently did. What is repetition all about? When and why it is used in human life and in worship? We should seek an answer at both the natural level, that is, as regards universal human psychology, and at the supernatural level, in connection with the rituals of the Christian religion.

We repeat things for several distinct reasons, as can be seen by looking, with St. Thomas Aquinas, at the different faculties of the soul.

In regard to the faculty of the intellect and our capacity for understanding, we repeat for the sake of further penetration. Since men do not have angelic intellects capable of immediately grasping a truth in its totality, we benefit from repeated encounters with a statement or an object, for each time it is possible we might catch a new glimpse of it, like (to use a well-worn metaphor) an observer walking around a statue, seeing it from different angles.[13] Moreover, liturgical repetition is usually bound up with numerological symbolism, which makes an appeal to the intellect, establishing a connection between whatever it is we are saying and a larger, more encompassing mystery to which it alludes. Thus, the ninefold Kyrieat the start of Mass is a doubly underlined Trinitarian prayer: three petitions addressed to the Father, three to the Son, and three to the Holy Ghost.

Closely related to this intellectual aspect is the value of repetition for filling the imagination and shaping the memory. That which is repeated is more continually present to our inner sensorium, thereby making a deeper impression on our faculty of memory. It is obvious that we must repeat something if we are to memorize it, or, in that wonderful idiom, “learn it by heart.”[14] If we want prayer to move from our intellect to our heart, it must become familiar, internalized, habitual, and connatural, so that we are not expending our energy on the more superficial activity of navigating new phrases, new sentiments, new patterns. It doesn’t do me any good to be surrounded by thousands of books if I have none of their content in my soul.[15] It is when the Church’s words given to me from without become mywords rooted within that the liturgy becomes, in fact, the font and apex of myChristian life. Anyamount of repetition will help in this regard, even if it is as minimal as it often is with the new Liturgy of the Hours, where some psalms are said only once a month. Far more helpful in acquiring that connaturality with prayer is daily and weekly repetition, and so, in a different way, is the straightforward verbal repetition of saying the same thing multiple times in a row, provided that one does so conscientiously and not with a wandering mind.

I would add here that the very forming of words on the lips, whether we utter the words out loud or mouth them sotto voce, is a crucial part of this process of informing the memory. In The Love of Learning and the Desire for God, Jean Leclercq reminds us that medieval monks rarely read silently; they saw reading as an act of ruminating or chewing on the words, savoring their distinctive sounds, as if words were already incipient music. Reading, in short, involved “muscle memory.” Just as it is well known from experience and scientific studies that singing facilitates textual memorization far better than mere reciting does, and that rhymed and metered poems are easier to memorize than prose, it is also well known that making words with one’s lips inscribes them more firmly on the tablet of the soul than silently passing our eyes over them. What I have said about the lips may be said about any part of the body that is subject to the control of our will, such as our head, fingers, arms, and legs. Consciously repeated bodily action produces over time a facility for doing it and a pleasure or delight in doing it. The use of the entire body in prayer, with a regimen of kneeling, genuflecting, bowing, standing, uniting of the hands, and so forth, inscribes the meaning of the words into our flesh and adds the sensible weight of our bodies to the intentions of the soul. In this way we extend the power of memory into the whole person, while uniting what is lower and more animal to what is higher and more divine. Liturgical bodily repetition thus becomes a practical way of reintegrating our fragmentary self and reorienting it to God.

Needless to say, in keeping with the adage repetitio est mater studiorum, the education of children used to involve a huge amount of repetition, for there is no better way to learn the elements of language, arithmetic, geography, history, and religious doctrine. That we have so largely left behind this approach in the name of dubious pedagogical theories is one more sign of the loss of common sense for which our age is destined to be remembered—or perhaps forgotten.

In regard to the faculty of the will and our capacity for loving, repetition both proceeds fromand enkindlesfervor—and this will be no less true at the level of the sensitive appetite, in our passions or emotions. On Psalm 6:9–10, “The Lord has heard the voice of my weeping; the Lord has heard my petition; the Lord has taken up my prayer,” St. Augustine admirably comments on why the psalmist repeats himself: “The frequent repetition of the same idea does not denote the need the speaker feels to ram home his point, but the warmth of one who rejoices. Those who rejoice usually speak in such a way that it is not enough for them to give voice to their joy only once.”[16] Lovers are infamous for the repetitious nature of their chatter, which is delightful to them, though it can be embarrassing to any who might happen to overhear. With her usual charm, Jane Austen observes in Sense and Sensibility:

Though a very few hours spent in the hard labor of incessant talking will despatch more subjects than can really be in common between any two rational creatures, yet with lovers it is different. Between them no subject is finished, no communication is even made, till it has been made at least twenty times over.[17]

Here, Jane Austen exhibits more sense and sensibility than either the drafters of Sacrosanctum Conciliumor the liturgical reformers who took their battle axe to the liturgy and chopped away lovers’ repetitions, poetic cumbrances, and verbal complexities. The reformers’ rationalism, born of utilitarian thinking, could not see with a lover’s eyes or hear with a lover’s ears; the uselessness of leisure, of play, of contemplation, was hidden from their pedantic pride.

The Byzantine Catholic writer Adam DeVille has some fairly spicy words on this topic:

All Eastern liturgical traditions understand this wisdom of loving repetition. We repeat because we love. Byzantine liturgy is replete with its repetitions, usually in groups of three, both because love demands repetition (the child flung into the air by Daddy screams what? “Do it again!”), and because threefold repetition is of course a mnemonic device bearing a Trinitarian imprint. The West must therefore stop its psychologically destructive and perverse disdain for so-called useless repetitions. Repetition is the essence of liturgy and ritual. In this light, stop assuming a three-year lectionary is better than a one-year. It isn’t. One-year cycles mean more frequent repetition, which means a greater likelihood of people remembering the readings and calling them to mind later. Hatred of repetition is invariably justified by self-congratulatory talk about “noble simplicity.” It is neither. ‘Noble simplicity’ is just a sanctimonious display of bourgeois iconoclasm, with its fetishes for “cool, clean lines” and “decorative sparseness.”[18]

Whether consciously or not, DeVille’s words call to mind a famous passage in G.K. Chesterton’s Orthodoxy,which I would be remiss not to quote this evening:

Because children have abounding vitality, because they are in spirit fierce and free, therefore they want things repeated and unchanged. They always say, “Do it again”; and the grown-up person does it again until he is nearly dead. For grown-up people are not strong enough to exult in monotony. But perhaps God is strong enough to exult in monotony. It is possible that God says every morning, “Do it again” to the sun; and every evening, “Do it again” to the moon. It may not be automatic necessity that makes all daisies alike; it may be that God makes every daisy separately, but has never got tired of making them. It may be that He has the eternal appetite of infancy; for we have sinned and grown old, and our Father is younger than we.

Repetition is not, of course, limited to the sphere of words, but extends also to gestures. Dom Mark Kirby gives the marvelous example of the kissing of the altar:

We express this rich significance of the altar and impress it upon ourselves by means of certain prescribed gestures. . . . The priest and deacon kiss the altar upon arriving in the sanctuary and before leaving it. In the traditional rite of Holy Mass the priest kisses the altar frequently; these repeated kisses signify the desire of the priest—representing both Christ the Bridegroom and the whole bridal Body of His Church—for the fruitful consummation of their sacramental union. The suppression of the repeated kissing of the altar in the Novus Ordo is a cold rationalistic innovation foreign to the language of love in which one or even two kisses are not enough.[19]

Repetition, then, is for poets, for lovers, for children, and for madmen—for those who are striving to express the ineffable, those who are longing for the beloved, those who are learning from a master, those who have lost their “wits,” which, in the spiritual realm, are the “holy fools,” such as the Russian pilgrim who ceaselessly repeats the Jesus Prayer. So, if we have reached a point where we don’t need repetition any more, it must be that we are neither children of God nor lovers of Him; we have nothing in common with holy fools; we have no poetic bone in our bodies. Without a doubt, this would be a condition to be ashamed of, not one to aspire to.

            This, then, might be called the natural foundations of the value of repetition. But what about its supernatural dimension? Is there a special reason for pre-set, formulaic reiteration in Christian worship?

Formal repetition in a sacred context

Ritual, by definition, is our entry into a world that is not properly ours, but God’s.[20] We are standing on holy ground; we must think, desire, act, and speak differently than we do in the everyday world to which we are proportioned by our created nature. We are in the presence of the holy, and it makes us stammer, whisper, sing, and fall silent, and then do all this over again, as if climbing a mountain by switchbacks that take us back and forth and slowly up. Ritual cannot be calculated, efficient, businesslike, logical, linear. It is, one could say, a kind of role playing, where we dare to act a part that belongs properly to someone else, and as a result, we act ceremoniously, we wear special garments and speak special words, we are formal, dignified, scripted; we hand ourselves over to the rulership of our superiors. Indeed, even the seraphim with their powerful intellects are portrayed in Scripture as crying out Kadosh, kadosh, kadosh,in response to the vision of God’s unutterable and inexhaustible glory (Is 6:3); so too must we cry out Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus in our earthly sanctuary, the image of the heavenly.

Verbal and ceremonial repetition, like many other traditional liturgical elements, perfectly and manifestly suits the sphere of the sacred, defining it and setting it apart from the ordinary and the profane. I am reminded here of an incisive remark by C.S. Lewis: “The modern habit of doing ceremonial things unceremoniously is no proof of humility; rather it proves the offender’s inability to forget himself in the rite, and his readiness to spoil for everyone else the proper pleasure of ritual.”[21] Lewis sees that a rite, precisely because of what it is (or rather whom it belongs to), demands that those who take it up or enter into it forget themselves and allow themselves to be drawn into the realm of the other. By yielding in this fundamentally passive way to another’s activity and by taking part in that activity as best we can, we allow His fullness to spill over into our poverty—not once, but again and again and again, even as the all-sufficient Sacrifice of the Cross is renewed daily upon our altars.

Speaking broadly about the wealth of details in traditional liturgical rites (including their repetitions), Martin Mosebach argues that we will never be able to understand the unity and coherence of these rites until we look at them with the sensitivity and sympathy we bring to great works of art:

The Council of Trent, in its teaching concerning the liturgy’s sacred rites, said that these rites “contain nothing unnecessary or superfluous.” This dictum, properly understood, again challenges us to regard the liturgy as a work of art. … Who would dare to pretend to find “unnecessary or superfluous” things in a great fresco or a great poem? A masterpiece may contain gaps, less felicitous parts, repetitions, things that are unintelligible or contradictory—but never things that are unnecessary and superfluous. At all times there have been people who made themselves ridiculous by trying to eliminate the “mistakes” in masterpieces, applying their half-baked scholarship to Michelangelo’s frescos and Shakespeare’s tragedies. Great works have a soul: we can feel it, alive and radiant, even where its body has been damaged. The liturgy must be regarded with at least as much respect as a profane masterpiece of this kind. Respect opens our eyes. Often enough, even in the case of a profane work of art, if we study conscientiously and ponder the detail, especially the apparently superfluous detail, we find that the offending element comes unexpectedly to life; in the end it sometimes happens that we come to see it as a special quality of the work. This is always the case with the rites of the sacred liturgy. There is nothing in them that, given intensive contemplation, does not show itself to be absolutely saturated with spiritual power.[22]

An example of unprofitable repetition in the minds of liturgical reformers was the way the Confiteor was employed in the rite of Mass. First, it was “doubled” in the prayers at the foot of the altar (the same can be seen in the opening of the old office of Compline). Second, it was repeated by the servers or ministers after the priest’s communion and prior to the communion of everyone else. They saw both of these things as superfluous, so they conflated the Confiteors at the beginning into a single severely redacted text, and, already prior to 1962, suppressed the Confiteor before communion—although this custom has shown a remarkable tenacity of survival to the present.

Let’s take a closer look at each of these practices. 

Why shouldn’t we say the Confiteor at the beginning of Mass just once,all together? The double Confiteor here strongly brings out the dialogical nature of liturgical worship, where the celebrant acts as a mediator for the people, and where each member of the body is praying for the other. The doubling formalizes the mediation as well as the mutual assistance. It reinforces the humility needed in the celebrant, who confesses his sins alone coram omnibus, and also exhibits the dignity of the servant who says to the master: “May almighty God have mercy on thee, and having forgiven thy sins, lead thee to eternal life.”

Bishop Athanasius Schneider once told the following story. He was offering a dialogue Low Mass in Africa with a large community of schoolgirls. When he had confessed his sins, he heard all these little girls say to him “Misereatur tuiomnipotens Deus, et dimissis peccatis tuis, perducat tead vitam aeternam.” He was overcome with a crushing sense of humility, littleness, and joy. This experience of the priest confessing his own sins in front of the people is something we could use a great deal more of in the Church today—and, of course, the corresponding confession of the people, with the invocation of the saints by name.

            With the Confiteor before communion, it was not only the repetition of something that had already been done earlier in the Mass that was objected to; it was rather the impression that the communion rite for the faithful is “tacked on to” the Mass as a sort of extrinsic piece rather than something intrinsic to it. Yet the old practice makes theological sense, at least from the vantage of the dogmatic teaching of the Council of Trent. The communion of the offering priest is essential to the completion of the sacrifice in a way that the communion of no one else is. In fact, the obscuring of this point by having a single communion rite in which the priest announces “Ecce Agnus Dei” prior to receiving Christ and distributing Him to the faithful is among the many factors that have contributed to the obscuring of the difference in kind between the ministerial priesthood and the priesthood of the faithful.

Moreover, one should not evaluate this practice from a low Mass standpoint, but from the Solemn High Mass, the normative Mass of the Roman Rite. Seeing the priest flanked by his close companions, the deacon and the subdeacon, with the deacon chanting the Confiteor, throws into sharp relief how the sacrifice is essentially completewith the communion of the priest,[23] who stands in for Christ the High Priest, and that the further communions are an extensionof this sacrifice to the ministers and the faithful, a sacramental “rippling out” comparable to the rippling out of the Pax, the gesture of peace, passed down from on high—much as the higher angels communicate illuminations to lower angels. In other words, it is the liturgy’s way of representing the dogmatic truth spoken of by Pope Pius XII in Mystici Corporis Christi when he distinguishes between the “objective redemption” that Christ accomplished in full on the Cross and the “subjective redemption” of Christians, which occurs through the application of the merits of His Passion to our souls in the sacraments of the Church.[24] This aspect of the usus antiquior points unambiguously to the essence of the Mass as the re-presentation of the Sacrifice of the Cross at the hands of the ordained minister, and forcefully sets aside the Protestant conflation of the Mass and the Last Supper, that is, the simple identification of the Eucharist with communion.

Again, at a high Mass, the faithful are usually not able to hear the Confiteor of the priest and the servers at the beginning, as these preparatory prayers in the sanctuary are muffled under the soaring sound of the Introit. Thus, when the deacon sings or the servers say the Confiteor right before communion, everyone is able to hear it and make it their own, since there is nothing else “covering over” this action. Holy Mother Church offers all the faithful one final opportunity to bow low before the altar, express contrition for sins, call upon saints and angels as intercessors, and receive a minor absolution prior to receiving the Sanctissimum, the most Holy One, before whom even the cherubim and seraphim veil their faces. Thus we see that this Confiteor is both theologically appropriate and spiritually profitable.

            It is worth mentioning, in passing, that the three most obvious places where the glimmering scalpels of the Consilium excised the fatty tissue of repetition—the Confiteor, the Kyrie, and the “Domine, non sum dignus”—all have to do with acknowledging our sins and our unworthiness to receive the Lord or even to place ourselves before Him. Is this a coincidence? No more, I would say, than the systematic removal of prayers that ask for the grace to “despise earthly things,” or the disappearance of “difficult” Bible verses, or communion in the hand to those who are standing, rather than on the tongue to those who are kneeling. In the late 60s, Christians had finally “come of age”; we had matured past a medieval preoccupation with the fear of the Lord, sin, penance, detachment, asceticism; indeed, we had matured, it seems, past the need for self-denial, reverence, and adoration. Would it be too harsh to say that this set of attitudes betrays an infernal origin?

Improvements to the old rite

Now, I have a confession to make. (Is there a priest here?) I used to think about certain things the way modern liturgists do. Maybe my parents dropped me on my head before my skull was fully formed, but in any case, I had that inclination. I have found notes in my drawer from decades ago in which I argued that the Confiteors and other aspects of the Latin Mass should be simplified. Fortunately, these notes were never published. What I lacked was long and patient experience. As time went on, I came to appreciate, even to relish, every detail of the old Roman Rite; things that had once struck me as beside the point came to acquire a meaning in my eyes—perhaps an idiosyncratic meaning, but so what? The liturgy is like a vast epic poem, an Iliad or an Odyssey,in which every age, every generation, finds the characters, scenes, and turns of phrase that mean the most to it. Every element in the liturgy is like spiritual scaffolding or ladders or handholds by which we can lift ourselves up to God—or rather, be drawn up by Him. Why would we remove any such occasion of grace? We don’t need to add things randomly to the liturgy, in fact we should hesitate seriously before introducing anything; but for a like reason we should not remove what is already there, even if it came about “by accident.” There’s a marvelous passage in Ratzinger’s memoirs, Milestones, where he describes his gradual apprenticeship to the Roman Rite:

It was a riveting adventure to move by degrees into the mysterious world of the liturgy, which was enacted before us and for us on the altar. It was becoming more and more clear to me that here I was encountering a reality that no one had simply thought up, a reality that no official authority or great individual had created. . . . Not everything was logical. Things sometimes got complicated, and it was not always easy to find one’s way. But precisely this is what made the whole edifice wonderful, like one’s own home.[25]

            Now, do these comments indicate that I think the old Roman liturgy is “perfect” in every way, and could never benefit from any further change? To be honest, I reject the validity of the question, for three reasons. 

First, no human liturgy could ever be “perfect” in comparison to the worship of the heavenly Jerusalem; but each of the authentic rites of Christendom—be it Roman, Ambrosian, Mozarabic, Greek, Slavic, Georgian, Coptic, Syrian, Syro-Malabar, and so forth—has its own identity, integrity, and coherence, its relativeperfection within the tradition in which it developed, and should be treasured as such.  It is not our business to construct a liturgy according to our own bright ideas; it is our privilege to receive a rite of apostolic heritage, to venerate it as a given, to embrace it, and to bear fruit by it. Not even the pope is the maker or manager of liturgy; he is only its servant. We have had quite enough of tinkeritis.

Second, the question of improvements usually betrays a progressivist mentality, as if change can take place in only one direction, namely, that of modernization. When people ask me what I think the “future development” of the 1962 Missal will look like, and whether it will continue to be “frozen in time” like a fly in amber, my answer is simple: we have already gone beyond the 1962 Missal, but in the direction of reclaiming things that were unwisely abolished in the period between 1948 and 1962, such as abundant octaves, multiple orations, doubled readings, folded chasubles, proper last Gospels, the old Holy Week, and the three-hour Eucharistic fast. There will be development in the sense of unshackling the old rite from the archeologizing and modernizing redactors who were already busily cutting it down and reconfiguring its countenance in preparation for the extreme makeover they dreamt of and eventually performed. I agree with Catherine Pickstock that any good liturgical reform would have to be anti-modern, not ne plus ultramodern. She writes:the reform “failed to challenge those structures of the modern secular world which are wholly inimical to liturgical purpose”; indeed, it surrendered to them.[26] In this sense, we have far more to learn from the Middle Ages and the Baroque than we have to learn from the 20^thcentury. We are still wading in the shallows compared with the spiritual depths of our distant predecessors. Rather than flexing our engineering muscles, we ought to cultivate the virtue of attentive receptivity to the great gift that has come down to us. Reading medieval commentators on liturgy is one of the best ways we can push forward liturgical renewal in our times.

Third, the question is highly ambiguous. There are changes, and then there are changes. The Church Father St. Vincent of Lérins distinguished between profectus and permutatio. Profectusmeans growth according to kind, as when a child puts on height and weight to become a man, but remains the same person; permutatio means a change away from a thing’s original identity, as when an animal dies and thereby ceases to be an animal, or when a heresy takes a certain partial truth, rips it from its larger context, and erects a new version of Christianity upon it. So, yes, the liturgy should welcome and has always welcomed profectus, growth by augmentation, even if the pace of change slows down over time, and the additions are minor ones like new feasts. But a permutatio of the liturgy would be its demise, as experience has all too clearly demonstrated.

Temptation associated with repetition

I would be remiss not to mention a problem that confronts us fallen human beings, namely, that repetition is known from experience to present the danger of zoning out and losing focus. Everyone, I assume, knows the temptation of speeding up in order to get through a long liturgical text, particularly when it involves repetitious phrases. The lightning speed at which some priests say “Domine, non sum dignus ut intres sub tectum meum, sed tantum dic verbo et sanabitur anima mea”before receiving the Most Holy Sacrament of the Altar prompts some laity to wonder just how unworthy they feel and whether they see themselves as directly addressing the Lord of heaven and earth, really present a few inches away, or how sincerely they are asking Him to heal their souls. What St. Thomas says about why custom has the force of law is something that we would want to be true of ourselves whenever we are repeating liturgical words or actions: “By repeated external actions, the inward movement of the will and concepts of reason are most effectually declared; for when a thing is done again and again, it seems to proceed from a deliberate judgment of reason.”[27]

It should go without saying that the worst thing that can happen with repetitions is to rush through them so speedily that they lose the density of their meaning, the benefit of their insistence, and the merit of their humble pleading. “Domine, non sum dignus” is worth saying three times because it is worth saying well once, and therefore three times as weighty when repeated. Dom Mark Kirby writes: “The threefold Domine, non sum dignusis no vain repetition; it is a trirhythmic grace of compunction that batters the door of even the most hardened heart.”[28] And yet, if this exclamation is to bring the grace of compunction, it must be done deliberately and attentively. If we are to rejoice in repetition, we must always strive to attend to the meaning of words and gestures as well as we can, and therefore, avoid becoming susceptible to Our Lord’s warning against “vain repetition.” Was it not St. Francis de Sales who said that haste is the great enemy of devotion?

*          *          *

We know that much damage has been done to the sacred liturgy of the Catholic Church in the past century by presumably well-intentioned reformers who, operating from dubious theories and astonishing naïveté, sought to make the liturgy—the Mass, the Divine Office, and other rites—relevant, up-to-date, interesting, attractive, and evangelical. They succeeded only in creating the Synod of Pistoia’s dreamt-of Enlightenment liturgy, which hit the world just when rationalism was entering its last agony. The new liturgy attracted few and repelled many; it held interest for its textbook votaries but seldom excited enthusiasm. Like many buildings from the same period, it has aged badly and desperately needs repairs. It was evangelical only in the sense that it emulated certain strains of Protestantism and left behind much of what was distinctively Catholic, which has ensured for it a fate comparable to that of mainline Protestant denominations. 

We also know that, unexpectedly, the traditional Roman liturgy has acquired a new relevance in the life of the Church, that it stirs up keen interest by its alluring beauty, and is prompting conversions by its palpable sacredness. At least part of the secret of its enduring vitality is the pedagogically sound, spiritually edifying, and ritually appropriate use it makes of repetition.

            Thank you for your kind attention.

NOTES

[1] Translation from the Vatican website.

[2]If one looks at the reams of documentation surrounding Vatican II, one finds surprisingly little about this particular paragraph. In the declaratio relating to the text as it stood in 1962 (at this time, the paragraph in question was 23, not 34), the Preparatory Liturgical Commission just points readers towards the declarationes of other paragraphs relating to the revision of the order of Mass, Baptism, Confirmation, etc. Neither is there much specific on paragraph 34 in the commentaries on SC of the time, e.g. Jungmann’s commentary in vol. 1 of Vorgrimler.

^[3] “Ritus nobili simplicitate fulgeant, sint brevitate perspicui et repetitiones inutiles evitent, sint fidelium captui accommodati, neque generatim multis indigeant explanationibus.”

^[4] “Octaves are for the contemplation of mysteries that are too great for a single day, and it is certainly true that repetita juvant,a proverb which the Roman Rite, with its habitual conservatism, historically took very much to heart” (Gregory DiPippo, “Other Readings for the Octave of Corpus Christi,” published online at New Liturgical Movement, June 1, 2018). For a thorough examination of how the usus antiquior’s calendar embodies the psychology of useful meditative repetition, see Michael P. Foley, “The Reform of the Calendar and the Reduction of Liturgical Recapitulation,” in Liturgy in the Twenty-first Century: Contemporary Issues and Perspectives, ed. Alcuin Reid (London/New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2016), 321–41.

^[5] Aidan Nichols, OP, Looking at the Liturgy: A Critical View of Its Contemporary Form(San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1996), 59.

^[6] Encyclical Letter Orientale Lumen(2 May 1995), n. 11.

^[7] Examples of repeated Amens in the Bible include, in the OT, Num 5:22 and Neh 8:6, and in the Gospel of John, 1:51, 3:3, 3:5, 3:11, 5:19, 5:24, 5:25, 6:26, 6:32, 6:47, 6:54, 8:34, 8:51, 8:58, 10:1, 10:7, 12:24, 13:16, 13:20, 13:21, 13:38, 14:12, 16:20, 16:23, 21:18. Some translations have “Truly, truly.”

^[8] From Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Raven” (https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/48860/the-raven).

^[9] Resurgent in the Midst of Crisis: Sacred Liturgy, the Traditional Latin Mass, and Renewal in the Church (Kettering, OH: Angelico Press, 2014),65.

^[10] Pope Pius XII in his Encyclical Letter Mediator Dei(20 November 1947), n. 108, observes: “Many of the faithful are unable to use the Roman missal even though it is written in the vernacular; nor are all capable of understanding correctly the liturgical rites and formulas. So varied and diverse are men’s talents and characters that it is impossible for all to be moved and attracted to the same extent by community prayers, hymns and liturgical services. Moreover, the needs and inclinations of all are not the same, nor are they always constant in the same individual. Who, then, would say, on account of such a prejudice, that all these Christians cannot participate in the Mass nor share its fruits? On the contrary, they can adopt some other method which proves easier for certain people; for instance, they can lovingly meditate on the mysteries of Jesus Christ or perform other exercises of piety or recite prayers which, though they differ from the sacred rites, are still essentially in harmony with them.” The concern with the variety of forms of participation is reiterated in SC26: services “concern the individual members of the Church in different ways, according to their differing rank, office, and actual participation.”

^[11] I am grateful to Matthew Hazell for his assistance in locating these texts. See Acta et Documenta Concilio Oecumenico Vaticano II Apparando, Series II (Praeparatoria),III.2, p. 102.

^[12] Note 10 of chapter 1. See The Spirit of the Liturgy, trans. Ada Lane (New York: Crossroad, n.d.), 30–31.

^[13] The classroom exercise that consists in taking a sentence and reading it over and over, emphasizing each time a different word, is another way of showing how limited is our ability to comprehend all the meanings of a statement at once. There is a difference between “My soul magnifies the Lord,” “My soul magnifies the Lord,” “My soul magnifies the Lord,” “My soul magnifies the Lord.” Each time the mind is drawn to a different facet.

^[14] “Repetition and reiteration are essential elements of pedagogy for all human beings—whether the reiteration in question is the numerous side-altars in a large church, the threefold [i.e., three sets of three] repetition of the Kyrie and the Domine, non sum dignus, or the almost daily use of the Gloria” (Kwasniewski, Resurgent in the Midst of Crisis,110). Repetition thus includes artistic and architectural repetition. The many side altars teach us about the distribution of the grace of Calvary through the many ministerial priests used by the Eternal High Priest to offer up the sacrifice of praise. Side altars did not have to develop, but once they existed throughout the West, their removal amounted to an unspoken repudiation of the doctrine that each priest is ordained to offer the true and proper sacrifice of the Mass in the name of all, in contrast to a concelebrated Mass where, no matter how many priests offer, there is but one sacramental sacrifice (see ibid., ch. 10, “The Loss of Graces: Private Masses and Concelebration”).

^[15] This is why, if a lectionary has as one of its purposes the familiarization of the faithful with the Word of God, the old one-year lectionary, with its limited readings, will be far superior to the new multi-year lectionary when it comes to implanting the Word of God in our souls.

^[16] Exposition of the Psalms, Psalm 6, n. 11.

^[17] Chapter 49. My attention was drawn to this splendid passage by Fr. Edmund Waldstein, O.Cist.

^[18] From “When it comes to liturgy, we’re all mutually-enriching mongrels,” published at The Catholic World Report, February 10, 2017. Dom Alcuin Reid agrees when he says, with more restraint: “There is no shame or heresy in asking whether or not the Council’s wish to remove what it called ‘useless repetitions’ may in fact have taken away rites which, when prayed with devotion, in fact accentuate the mystery at hand in a manner which has ritual and indeed psychological value” (“Elements of the New Liturgical Movement,” a lecture given at St Mary’s, Norwalk, Connecticut, in June 2014, and subsequently made available at academia.edu).

^[19] From a talk given on 5 July 2014 at the Evangelium Ireland Conference at St Patrick’s College, Maynooth: “The Mass—You Can’t Live Without It.” The text may be found online at Vultus Christi.

^[20] This it has in common with the experience of eros as Plato understands it, when man catches a momentary glimpse of Beauty itself, and feels exhilarated, enthused, unsettled, unworthy. This is why lovers repeat themselves, but a cashier or clerk does not. The lover is, as Plato saw, drawing near to a divine reality, whether he realizes it or not, whereas the person doing ordinary business is in his native environment, at the level that is simply natural to human beings, which prompts no ecstasy. See Josef Pieper, Divine Madness: Plato’s Case Against Secular Humanism (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995).

^[21] C. S. Lewis, A Preface to Paradise Lost (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942), 17.

^[22] Martin Mosebach, The Heresy of Formlessness, new ed.(Brooklyn: Angelico Press, 2018), 74–75.

^[23] That is, the one offering brings the sacrifice to completion by himself partaking of the sacrificial Victim. No other communion is necessary for this completion, although obviously the Church rejoices in the participation of as many faithful as are in a state of grace and prepared to receive Our Lord. The scholastic distinction between intensity and extension, is helpful here. For example, the separated soul in heaven fully possesses beatitude intensively, but when the body is reunited to it in the resurrection, that happiness will overflow into the flesh and so the beatitude will be greater extensively, that is, it will have a greater extension.

^[24] St. Thomas speaks of this point often, as when he explains why the faithful need not receive the chalice: “The perfection of this sacrament does not lie in the use of the faithful, but in the consecration of the matter. And hence there is nothing derogatory to the perfection of this sacrament, if the people receive the body without the blood, provided that the priest who consecrates receive both” (Summa theologiae III, q. 80, a. 12, ad 2); “Our Lord’s Passion is represented in the very consecration of this sacrament, in which the body ought not to be consecrated without the blood. But the body can be received by the people without the blood: nor is this detrimental to the sacrament, because the priest both offers and consumes the blood on behalf of all; and Christ is fully contained under either species, as was shown above (q. 76, a. 2)” (ibid., ad 3).

^[25] Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, Milestones: Memoirs 1927-1977, 19-20.

^[26] See Catherine Pickstock, After Writing: On the Liturgical Consummation of Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), 169–273, where she says the liturgical reform was not radical enough because it did not question the false philosophical suppositions of modernity. I do not concur about the need for “radical reform,” but I do concur with her critical judgment of the prejudices behind what was actually done.

^[27] Summa theologiae I-II, q. 97, a. 3.

^[28] “The Ordinary Form after Summorum Pontificum,” published online at Vultus Christi, October 25, 2012. Dom Mark also observes: “The threefold Domine, non sum dignusneeds to be restored to the New Order of the Mass. The single recitation of the centurion’s heartfelt prayer sounds pathetically and artificially truncated.” This feeling of awkward incompleteness is keenly felt on those rare occasions—which do occur, especially in a college chaplaincy—when a congregation accustomed to the old Latin Mass attends a Novus Ordo Mass in Latin. They all say “Domine, non sum dignus…” once, and then everyone wants to carry on, but has to pull up short.

Talk by Fr Richard Cipolla at the Lepanto Conference

February 16, 2019, St. Vincent Ferrer Church, New York

“Rage—Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’ son Achilles, murderous, doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses, hurtling down to the House of Death so many sturdy souls, great fighters’ souls, but made their bodies carrion, feasts for the dogs and birds.” So begins, in the English translation by Robert Fagles, one of the seminal epic poems of Western civilization

The Iliad.  The first  book is called The Rage of Achilles, Achilles, the son of a goddess, fierce, the ultimate war hero and  yet, in Fagles’ words in his introduction to the Iliad, “imprisoned in a godlike, lonely, heroic fury from which all the rest of the world is excluded.” Achilles sits out most of the Iliad and returns to action so to speak only when his friend, Patroclus, whom he loves so deeply, is killed and despoiled by the Trojan Hector. And it is then that Achilles becomes the killing machine not so much for the cause of the Greeks against the Trojans but rather because of his rage against Hector, a hero in in his own right, for killing and despoiling Patroclus.  And in that terrible scene we know so well, he kills Hector and drags his body around the walls of Troy three times in uncontrollable fury.  He rises as a hero to avenge the death of his beloved Patroclus, and he is godlike in his single mindedness to punish at all costs the one and those who have taken away someone that he loved deeply.  Heroism as singlemindedness, as physical prowess in war, as exhibiting passionate emotion, and heroism as knowing as well that one is doomed to death by the botched attempt of a god to make him immortal.

Arma virumque cano.  So begins the Aeneid, Vergil’s epic poem about the trials and tribulations of the founding of Rome by Aeneas, a fugitive from Troy who witnessed the destruction of that great city.” I sing of arms and the man.” I sing of war and the man, the man who is the hero that makes possible not only the founding of Rome but who is the personification of the ideal of Roman civilization. One sees clearly at the start that this hero, Aeneas, is quite different from Achilles.  We first see Aeneas, or meet Aeneas, not in a sulking rage in his tent, refusing to fight for the Greeks.  We first meet Aeneas on a ship in a storm, a storm whipped up by the orders of Juno, the goddess queen, who fears the founding of Rome and does everything she can to stop it.  The first speech of the hero, in the translation by Robert Fitzgerald, as the hurricane threatens the lives of everyone on board ship.

“Aeneas on the instant felt his knees go numb and slack, and stretched both hands to heaven, groaning out: Triply lucky all you men to whom death came before your fathers’ eyes below the wall at Troy!  Bravest Danaan, Diomedes, why could I not go down when you had wounded me and lose my life on Ilium’s’ battlefield!”  This hero is not Achilles.  He is terribly frightened and wishes that he had died defending Troy instead of dying of drowning at sea.  Not a good introduction to a hero, the hero who would lay the foundations for the founding of Rome and the Roman civilization that left its mark even after its fall on the way to that Western civilization  that developed impregnated with the Christian faith.  Aeneas is the first modern hero, that is, the hero as flawed, son of a goddess but very human indeed, with glaring faults that include a forgetting of who he was and what was his calling.  That forgetfulness defines in many ways Western man through history, which deliberate forgetfulness is the mark of modern and post-modern man.  Modern man deliberately forgot his roots.  Post-modern man has little clue of his roots.  Aeneas forgets his calling to found Rome when confronted with the very special woman that is Dido.  Dido as a real and persuasive temptation, a great woman, for Aeneas was very real and perfectly understandable. It was the temptation to become settled down and ordinary with an extraordinary woman.  It took a hair -raising visit from Mercury, from the gods,  to jolt Aeneas to remember his destiny.  

Vergil describes Aeneas many times by using the adjective pius. This adjective becomes almost part of his name:  pius Aeneas.  This adjective cannot be translated by the English adjective “pious”, especially in a time when piety is not seen as something entirely positive even in the Catholic Church.  Piusmeans something clear:  devotion and allegiance to the gods, to one’s family and to one’s country, patria. Aeneas’ obvious love for his comrades, his taking on the burden of his calling, his appreciation of lacrimae rerum,the tears of things that lie at the heart of the human experience, his face of optimism and hope that he presents to his comrades when he weeps and is afraid in his heart, his positive self-forgetting within his special vocation, this ispius Aneas.   Even when in the last books of the Aeneid Aeneas become a fighting machine like Achilles, his pietasis not lost.  To see that pietas in marble one must go to the Galleria Borghese in Rome and see one of the earliest of Bernini’s sculptures that depicts Aeneas fleeing the destruction of Troy,  carrying his aged father, Anchises, on his back, his father holding the household gods, Aeneas  holding the hand of his little son Iulus, as they go forth from burning Troy to the unknown that is known as his destiny.

I would submit, willingly accepting the arrows of historicists and current despisers of Western culture, that Roman pietas was transformed into Catholic pietasnot as a merely human development but rather as the result of the thunderclap of the Incarnation that transcended and fulfilled not merely the longing of the Jews but also the dogged if also unclear and flawed longing of the Roman understanding, despite its warping through the years of Empire, of pietas:  love of God, love of family and love of one’s country, the latter understood as something that transcends mere nationalism.  

One either believes that the Incarnation of God in Jesus Christ in our time and space radically changed the very nature of things, changed time and space itself in relationship to human beings, such that after the Incarnation time is no longer linear but spherical, with the Incarnation at its center—or not.  If not, Christianity is mere religion, one religion among many and in the end—a currently common opinion in Rome—it makes no difference what one believes because the God who is the Wizard of Oz has many tracks on his choo- choo train, and everyone ends up in the same wonderful place that is a projection of each individual’s picture of happiness.  But against this false and facile and foolish version of Christianity there are the saints:  the Christian heroes who are products of the big bang of the Incarnation.   The Christian heroes are a problem for those who would reduce Christianity to mere moralism, to being kind and good, and let others be kind and good in their own way without any reference to faith or belief. 

The Latin word virtusis the origin of the English word, virtue. Once a powerful word in the English language, virtue as a word now appears only in tony BBC remakes of Jane Austen novels or in homework assignments for Catholic boys and girls studying for the test that will allow them to be confirmed.  Imagine a sacrament depending on passing a test! The first meaning in Latin ofvirtusis the obvious one: the quality of the man-hero, the vir The secondary meanings are strength, courage, bravery, and in the Christian era, virtue.  The saints remind us that one cannot have virtue in the deepest sense without being strong, without having courage, without being a hero. And—here comes the pedantry of the Latin teacher—the word virtusin Latin is feminine. Those of us who celebrate the Traditional Mass as the heart of our priesthood know deeply the virtusof Felicitas, Perpetua, Agatha, , Lucia, Agnes, Cæcilia, Anastasiaand all the saints.  The quality ofvirtustranscends both sex and gender. Speaking of gender,  I used to tell my Latin students when the whole question of the deliberate mis-use of the word gender in our culture came up in class:  nouns have gender, people have sex. If your parents had gender and not sex, you would not be here today.

I shall briefly offer three Christians as examples of a Christian hero.  One must understand essentially that what sets them apart from heroes in general is that the heart of their heroism is not an idea or an ideal but rather a person, and this person is Jesus Christ, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried and on the third day rose from the dead.  What makes the Christian hero is not merely pietasor bravery or a shining example of virtue.   What makes the Christian hero is the person of Jesus Christ and the imitation of Him.

The first is Saint Paul, for me almost the very definition of the Christian hero.  It is perhaps unfair to offer him as an example because he is so singular in so many ways.  Who else was knocked off his horse as he, a Pharisee, was traveling to persecute Christians, knocked off in such a dramatic way that leaves nothing to the imagination, as painted by Caravaggio and seen in Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome? St. Paul, like all Christian heroes, is not perfect, he is flawed. His letters betray his disappointment and frustration with those in the churches to whom he writes and which he visits, who do not understand what it means to be a disciple of Christ and what this means for one’s life. He is sensitive about his own calling as an apostle. Unlike Peter, whom Jesus made the rock in his living presence, with all that means and does not mean, Paul is called late in time and never knew Jesus as he walked this earth, and that causes conflict for him in his own self-understanding and certainly in his relationship with Peter.  But when one reads Paul’s letters, it is absolutely clear that he understands that the person of Jesus Christ is the heart of his existence and that he believes that Christ is the Savior of the world, not merely of Jewish converts, but of the whole world, and this faith drives his missionary journeys replete with shipwrecks and beatings and imprisonment,  and the writing of his letters to the various churches throughout the Roman empire–without which there would be—bold statement coming—no Christianity.  And it is Paul who understands that the ultimate imitation of Christ in the world is to die for Christ, and it is this imitatio Christithat fuels his heroism and makes him a Christian hero.

The second is St. Ignatius of Antioch.   I first met this Christian hero in the Bodleian library at Oxford University.  I was doing my doctoral thesis on the history and development of the doctrine of Transubstantiation in the Church.  I knew I had to read Ignatius’ Letter to the Romans.  My Greek was not great, and I remember sitting there in the dreary English damp cold struggling through the text. And then I came upon this passage.

I write to the Churches, and impress on them all, that I shall willingly die for God, unless you hinder me. I beseech of you not to show an unseasonable good-will towards me. Allow me to become food for the wild beasts, through whose instrumentality it will be granted me to attain to God. I am the wheat of God, and let me be ground by the teeth of the wild beasts, that I may be found the pure bread of Christ. Rather entice the wild beasts, that they may become my tomb, and may leave nothing of my body; so that when I have fallen asleep [in death], I may be no trouble to any one. Then shall I truly be a disciple of Christ, when the world shall not see so much as my body. Entreat Christ for me, that by these instruments I may be found a sacrifice [to God]. I do not, as Peter and Paul, issue commandments unto you. They were apostles; I am but a condemned man: they were free, while I am, even until now, a servant. But when I suffer, I shall be the freed-man of Jesus, and shall rise again emancipated in Him. And now, being a prisoner, I learn not to desire anything worldly or vain.

All the pleasures of the world, and all the kingdoms of this earth, shall profit me nothing. It is better for me to die on behalf of  Jesus Christ, than to reign over all the ends of the earth. For what shall a man be profited, if he gain the whole world, but lose his own soul? Him I seek, who died for us: Him I desire, who rose again for our sake. This is the gain which is laid up for me. Pardon me, brethren: do not hinder me from living, do not wish to keep me in a state of death; and while I desire to belong to God, do not give me over to the world. Allow me to obtain pure light: when I have gone there, I shall indeed be a man of God. Permit me to be an imitator of the passion of my God. If any one has Him within himself, let him consider what I desire, and let him have sympathy with me, as knowing how I am straitened.

I stopped reading. Ignatius’s words, his faith in the person of Jesus Christ and his faith in the real presence of this person in the Eucharist stopped me cold.  And in retrospect this was an important event that led me to the Catholic Church.  But not only his belief, in the second century, in the Real Presence but his understanding that the ultimate imitatio Christi is martyrdom made me understand for the first time the essence of the Christian hero: the imitation of the ultimate self-giving of the Son of God, martyrdom as the ultimateimitatio Christi. It is certainly true that many men and women through the past two millennia have had the imitation Christi at the center of their lives and have imitated Christ in the way they lived their lives:  subordination of the self by the act of self-giving love.  But it is martyrdom for the sake of Christ that is the ultimate crown.  Again, it is not merely a desire for martyrdom.  The Christian desire for martyrdom is driven by love, a love for those to whom Ignatius writes his letters on his way to Rome, those who lived in fear of persecution everyday. And his love for his flock in Antioch as bishop and his concern for those living in cities on his way to Rome. The foundation for this loving concern is the person of Jesus Christ whom he knows and therefore loves.

The third is Joan of Arc. Her presence in my life of faith is recent.  Some years ago while rushing through the later European paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York on my way to some painting deemed very important to the Met collection, I walked by a painting by an artist of the later nineteenth century, French, that I had never heard of.  I stopped and looked and was mesmerized.  The painting is strange, quite rightly, because Joan hearing the voices of the three saints calling her to her peculiar mission,  is strange, the intensity of her listening face, the mysterious crudity of the painting of the three saints, the almost alarming clarity of her surroundings: I said to myself:  why do I not know this woman?  I knew about her vaguely from history books, strange young woman, dressed up in armor like a man and led an army to rid France of the English enemy, was burned at the stake in Rouen, all these facts.  I knew she was a saint but only recognized as such by canonization as late as the second decade of the 20^thcentury.   I read about her from various sources, and then I hit upon her biography in novel form by Mark Twain. Mark Twain!  One of the great skeptics of any religion.  What Twain saw in her was the truth about Joan of Arc.  He was able to detach from her particular situation, her sitz im lebenat a particular time and place , to see her as a true hero who transcended her time and place, and Twain knew, even if he did not understand, that what drove her to don her armor was not merely because she was the maid of Lorraine who heard these voices of the saints but because of her Catholic faith that exemplified itself in her pietas, part of which washer love of her country and its Catholic faith. The peasant girl who did what no man could do for years, to lift the siege of Orleans and to go on to make it possible to have Charles VII crowned as king of France in Rheims.  Surely this woman echoes the words of John of Austria’s words to his men about to do battle with the Ottoman fleet off the coast of Greece at Lepanto::  There is no paradise for cowards.  Joan of Arc was betrayed, betrayed by her countrymen and her Church.  She was totally abandoned by those she fought for and in a horrendous mock trial led by a faithless bishop she was stripped of the very heart of her singular and in some ways incomprehensible quest, and she was burnt at the sake in a public square in Rouen. One wonders, despite her canonization 500 years after her death, whether the irony of Joan’s martyrdom was ever understood by the Church. Probably not, for she, as so many other Christian heroes, has faded into that place where the names of saints are mere names, nomina nuda, verba nuda.

Shortly after the movie, The Graduate,  became a big hit in 1967 and the song from that film, Mrs Robinson , became a hit as well, Paul Simon happened to meet Joe Dimaggio who  somewhat testily asked him why he wrote those words, “Where have you gone, Joe Dimaggio.”  Simon, in his retelling of this meeting, was taken aback and really could not answer. That further refrain in the song: Jesus loves you more than you can know. Where did that come from?  The sixties were that time of transition from modern to post-modern, a time of social upheaval, a time of challenging deeply the basic assumptions and mores of a Western culture that was permeated by Christian faith. And sadly and ironically, that was exactly the time that the Catholic Church decided to become modern, when the rest of the Western world was abandoning modernity. It was not being abandoned for the sake of turning to the Catholic faith to be sure, but rather for a post-modernity that has little interest in the modern world, the latter world formed at least symbolically by the so-called Enlightenment and which crumbled under the onslaught of two terrible World Wars.  The tragedy associated with the Second Vatican Council is not the Council itself, for many Ecumenical Councils contributed little to the ongoing faith of the Church. Most Councils contributed just what they had to, no more, no big deal.  The tragedy of the Second Vatican Council is not merely Councilolatry, worship of the Council, nor its adopting the false confidence of the revolutionaries who were convinced that they were ushering in a new world in which all you need is love.  The real and deep tragedy of the Council is its still -born attempt to make Catholic worship modern, imposing forcibly on the whole Catholic Church, like the Protestants at the English Reformation, a liturgy that is redolent of a progressive looking but terribly sentimental sitcom of the 60s and 70s that now has little relevance to contemporary man and even less relevance to the worship of the Church within the God-given Tradition of the Church, and whose bitter fruit is the fact that at least in the Western world an average of only 20% of Catholics attend Mass on a Sunday.  

The Greek word doxa in classical Greek means common belief or popular opinion. Sophocles famously rejected doxa as understood in this way as the basis of truth.  But many centuries later, the translators of the Septuagint translated the Hebrew word for “glory’, as in the glory of God, asdoxa.  It is this word that permeates the New Testament with respect to the glory of God, and, not insignificantly, the book of Revelation, the vision and handbook so to speak of the eternal worship of God in heaven.  What this means is that one cannot separate true worship, how one worships God, from true doctrine, what is to be believed as true. True and good worship of God brings forth and supports the truth of dogma, and this is true certainly in the development of doctrine.  The form of worship, the liturgy, that departs from the bond between the truth of doctrine and the truth of worship within that special Holy Spirit led reality that is Catholic Tradition, must in the end dissolve both worship in spirit and truth and the very idea of orthodoxy as what is to be believed.

The heroes of the Church of the immediate and near future will be those Catholic men and women, lay, priests and bishops, who will understand that the fruit of wrong worship is wrong theology and wrong living.  A liturgy made up after the Council  by a committee called a Consilium( some members of which openly despised the Roman Mass)  at a certain time and place in the history of the Church, a liturgical rite concocted on the basis of liturgical scholarship du jour and personal preferences, a liturgical rite that  is a break with the Tradition of the Church, cannot provide the spiritual nourishment that will enable Catholics in the future to be Christian heroes.  And without Christian men and women as Christian heroes the scandal and wonder of the Incarnation will no longer be known. Without Christian heroes the centrality of the Cross of Jesus Christ to the meaning of the suffering of the world will be lost.  Without Christian heroes the reality of the promise of eternal life in Jesus Christ will be lost. But there are young people here and in many places who understand what it means to be a Catholic and who have discovered the Traditional Roman Mass and who are willing to be Christian heroes, even if it means in some real way to walk the way of the Cross, especially within a Church whose leaders have deliberately forgotten what it means to be a Christian hero and who seem hell bent to make the Catholic Church into a form of Anglicanism except without good taste.

Where have you gone, Joe DiMaggio
Our nation turns its lonely eyes to you
Wu wu wu
What’s that you say, Mrs. Robinson
Jolting Joe has left and gone away
Hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey

Or this:

Bring me my Bow of burning gold:

Bring me my arrows of desire:

Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold!

Bring me my Chariot of fire!

I will not cease from Spiritual Fight,

Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand:

Till we have restored the worship of God,

In every Catholic Church in ev’ry land.

By Luc Perrin, translated by Fr, Richard Cipolla

I am submitting this reflection to the wisdom of the reader:  this idea has been running around in my head at least since the annus terribilis  of 2018.

There were various theological elements of Catholicism  that were the subject of  discussion before 2013, but it seems to me—some will disagree on this point, but this is not what I am talking about—that in these discussions the magisterium of Vatican II and the post-conciliar developments  until 2013 defended a hermeneutic of reform within a search for continuity, rejecting the hermeneutics of rupture in a direct and recurring manner (this is true for Paul VI, John Paul II, and Benedict XVI, who in his allocution of December 22, 2005 was the last to formalize this insistence on continuity.)

Once again, it is not on this question, which has been widely debated for forty years, that I await your reactions and thoughts.

The modern drift—we are no longer in the 16^thcentury and the Thirty Nine Articles that in a sense defined Anglicanism—of Anglicanism as it has become since the 1970s, seems to me to characterize the current hermeneutics of rupture in Rome.

The Anglican Communion in the West—not in Africa—has made the choice to align themselves in step with the dominant currents within Western modern liberalism:

–Debate concerning women in ordained ministry and the results of the debate: deacons (1987), then ministers (priestesses) in 1994 and then bishops (2014) for the Church of England. We know that this approach to the idea of women in ordained ministry has been constantly taken up by Catholic liberals since the 1980s.  It has been taken up at least for the first stage—women deacons—by the present Pontiff.

–Debate about homosexuality in the clergy: first for ministers, then for bishops. Starting from homosexual candidates for ministry who are leading chaste lives, the debate continued by  going on to consider those homosexuals who are living as a couple as candidates for Holy Orders.  This came mainly out of the Episcopal Church in the United States.  As far as local churches go, the accomplishment of the goal has been complete with homosexual men and women in all grades of ministry.

–An openly modernist approach—in a theological sense—to the reading and interpretation of Scripture. We have seen this approach within Catholicism among exegetical scholars for decades.

–A version of “Christianity” that has been dyed with secular stripes  as a contribution to the “values” (which exist only as temporary data in liberalism) of secular Western liberal cultures.

–A social doctrine that keeps traditional anti-liberalism in its formulations but which in practice is satisfied with the Thatcher-Reagan version of a “liberal” economy that has unfolded since the 1980s. Laudato Sì fits in well with this doctrinal continuity, but what we really have in practice is the McCarrick-Wuerl Papal Foundation.  The organs of social Catholicism have considerably weakened in the West. The demands of “social justice” are fought against in the USA by those in the most solid and orthodox Catholic circles. This is due to the fact that this “social justice” was “Anglicized” as well and is concerned with feminism, multiculturalism without breaks or measure, to the most far-fetched theories of gender (transgender hysteria in the US).  On this point, the reigning Pontiff has maintained ties with the classic social doctrine of the Church with his support for the national-communist regime of Venezuela and a mistrust of American hyper-liberalism.

–The last point: the more apparent than real favor given to a Kasperite view of ecclesiology. According to this view, doctrine can vary, as in the Anglican Disunion, from one continent to another, from one episcopal conference to another, from one diocese to another.  There would no longer be variations considered as “pastoral” but rather doctrinal readings that imply divergent pastoral practice. Cardinal Kasper criticized African prelates at the 2014 Synod, telling them that they should not meddle in European affairs.  So good at bringing Kasper’s understanding of the Church into the bright daylight! 

In the end it would be one more stage in the grand compromise between the Faith and Modernity through the loss of savor of the evangelical salt, a weakening which is leading and will lead to a situation of the Anglican type: desertion of the churches, an abundance of “vocations” in the most heterodox sectors ( feminists and homo-clergy), the progressive dissolution of the Church’s social influence, and a more and more marked institutional disintegration between one region and another.

There are differences. I do not say that there is a strict equivalence, but it seems to me that the current neo-Catholicism goes in this direction.

What do you think?

Fr. Cipolla replies:

Professor Luc Perrin asks for responses to his piece published on Le Forum Catholique on the similarity of where Anglicanism has gone theologically and the path being followed by the Catholic Church today.  I must confess that I have more than a little interest in the question he poses, since I am a former Episcopal priest who became Catholic and was ordained a Catholic priest 35 years ago.  Without going through too many autobiographical details, I must say that I became a Catholic because of a conclusion, after years of theological study and thought,  that the only valid claim in the West to be the Church of Jesus Christ that is continuous with her founding by Christ is the Catholic Church.  My mentors in this journey were the Church Fathers and Blessed John Henry Newman.  It was Newman above all who made me understand the relationship between intellectual assent and faith. It was also he who prevented me from the excesses of converts with respect to unhealthy zeal for all things deemed Catholic in the mold of Fr. Faber. It was also he who inoculated me against the disease of hyperpapalism.

I recall while I was still an Episcopal priest going to ecumenical talks between Anglicans and Catholics and being amazed at the opinions of Catholic priests about the nature of the Church and the ministry of the Church.  So it gave me great pause in the late 70s and early 80s to hear Catholic priests espouse theological opinions that were precisely why I left Anglicanism. My final break with Anglicanism came with the “illegal” ordination of three women as priests and the ensuing failure of the Anglican hierarchy to condemn this act, which is against the clear Tradition of the Church.

And so my response to Perrin’s request for commentary is that I believe there is truth in his observation that the Catholic Church seems to be following the Anglican trajectory in rejecting Tradition as has been understood by the Church until now and instead embracing a liberal, quasi-gnostic understanding of the Church that in the end is incompatible with the Catholic faith.  I recently published an article on the Commission appointed by the Pope to investigate the possibility of ordaining women deacons. That the Pope appointed this Commission without reference to the International Theological Commission of 2002 which studied quite thoroughly the office of deacon in the Church shows quite clearly that in these matters what has been said in the past either in a quasi-official form or even by a Pope has no relevance to what the liberal gnostics think should happen in the Church to bring it up to date with the world. The Pope now has the report of the Commission, and we shall see what he decides about women deacons.  I ended that piece I wrote with the cautious warning that once women are ordained as deacons, there is nothing to stop the ordination of women priests in an age where sexuality has no innate meaning.  

Perrin’s other points have validity.  I remember during my studies for the Anglican priesthood  being exposed to Rahner’s “Anonymous Christianity”, and to Kung’s writings on the Church that were in some ways beyond what any Protestant could believe, and to Catholic Scripture scholars who neglected to remind the Catholic reader that the Bible is the Word of God and instead tried to outdo Bultmann in his reductionism. Commentary on the social Gospel in the Catholic Church is now mostly a watered- down version of Catholic teaching in the hope that the world will approve. But the world is much more intelligent than many Catholic bishops and rejects this embarrassing attempt to denature the difficult message of Jesus Christ and which message is directly contrary to the thought processes and “life-styles” of those who inhabit this post-modern age.  

Cardinal Newman predicted in his Biglietto speech over a century ago the infection even of the Church with “liberalism”, in the modern sense, which would cause great damage within the Church.  This indeed has happened. It happened, and it is ongoing, and is being abetted by the present Pontiff and his Court in Rome and beyond, those who would happily fully Anglicanize the Church (or worse) tomorrow if they had that power.  There are sparks of hope in this situation. One lies in the fact that many of these clerics are approaching eighty years of age, and God will take them soon, as he will me.  Second, their disciples are so mired in the sexual scandals of the clergy, including themselves in the hierarchy, that their real power is reaching the vanishing point.  Third, many young clergy and laity have discovered Catholic Tradition in the Traditional Roman Mass and will never look back to the post-conciliar past 55 years as anything normative.

Whether these thoughts have the wisdom that Perrin asks for in his request to ponder his suggestion that the Catholic Church is being Anglicanized I cannot say.  But the conversation should be had. 

(In this new year, I thought that I might revisit our “Notes” on the history of Catholic Traditionalism in the United States. We had concluded the series in June 2014 with a review of the first year of Pope Francis. It is now nearly five years later. Where do American (Catholic) Traditionalists stand today?)

Last year, before dawn in the season of Advent, the following scene was reenacted in many parishes.  In the darkness of the church the only illumination is the glow of massed candles surrounding the altar – the priest and ministers preforming the ceremonies are silhouetted against this mysterious light.  A music more somber than usual is heard and in the obscurity the fragrance of the incense seems stronger. Only as the pale light of dawn spreads do the windows, statues and paintings emerge.  It is the celebration of a Rorate Mass during Advent. An old custom, revived in a handful of churches after the promulgation of Summorum Pontificum (“SP”) has now spread everywhere in the Traditionalist world – and, judging from recent photographs, well beyond that. The bulk of this growth has been just in the last four or five years.

The rediscovery of this ancient custom perfectly illustrates the growth and maturity of the Traditionalist movement. Other examples abound: the revival of sung vespers at the parish level, the use of the folded chasuble and, most notably, the celebration of the “pre-1955” Holy Week rites. I don’t think it is an exaggeration to state that today’s liturgical celebrations are in every way more complete and precise than was the case in all but a handful of places before the Council.   Moreover, the atmosphere of legalism, fault-finding, capriciousness and eccentricity that used to characterize discussions within Traditionalism have yielded to a focus on understanding the meaning of the ceremonies and, to the extent resources permit, achieving their completeness and perfection. It is a true renaissance – the “recovery of the sacred!”

The progress of the movement has continued unabated. We see it in the increasing number and quality of the celebrations of the Traditional mass this year. We see it in the ongoing interest of so many seminarians in the Old Rite despite the obstacles often put in their path. We see it in the parishes – usually those who have chosen to celebrate the Traditional mass frequently and regularly – that gather large regular congregations for the Latin Mass.  

A glance at those pews reveals that most of the faithful have come back to Tradition in the last 20 or so years – and many more recently than that. For by now the handover of the cause of Tradition to a new generation is all but complete; in the sanctuary newly ordained priests and youthful ministers are assuming leadership roles. This is not to disparage in any way those (like me!) who had experienced the Traditional Mass prior to the revolution of the Council and who had “fought the good fight” over the long years prior to SP or even Ecclesia Dei. But we must acknowledge that by now a new level of understanding and practice has been attained.

As has always been the case, American Traditionalists do not stand alone.  Scholars, writers, religious and bishops from other countries regularly visit these shores. Developments in the Church outside the United States are closely followed here. The network of websites and blogs which serve as Catholic samizdat continues to perform invaluable services in this regard. It is a strong contrast with provincialism of the average Novus Ordo parish.

A continued benefit of the current Pontificate is the almost complete disintegration of “conservative Catholicism” as writer after writer has been compelled to take a stand against the policies of Pope Francis. Not that these figures have become Traditionalists! But at least the decades-long cold war between Traditionalists and “Conservatives” is now largely a thing of the past. George Weigel may continue to take swipes against “the traditionalist millennial who has no idea why Vatican II was necessary “ – what a bizarre statement indeed! –  but he is now in the minority.

The FSSPX and the Ecclesia Dei communities have continued to make steady advances: increasing numbers of priests and seminarians, new seminaries and new pastoral undertakings. We hear that not all those wishing to become seminarians can be accommodated! It must be said, however, that it is primarily the Institute of Christ the King, Sovereign Priest, which has grasped fully the new possibilities open to Traditionalism after SP. Displaying a welcome flair for publicity – restoring magnificent old churches and celebrating splendid liturgies – they haven’t been afraid to reach out to the broader Traditionalist, and even non-Christian world. In contrast, the Fraternity of St Peter seems resolutely bound to the pre-SP world. And even the FSSPX – apparently mesmerized by the never-ending discussions with Rome regarding their full regularization – is keeping a much lower profile than did their founder in the 1970’s and 80’s. 

But additional spiritual resources also have emerged.  The Benedictine monastery of Norcia, located in Italy but with mostly American monks, has exercised a worldwide influence. And that not just within Catholic Traditionalism – do we need to mention its role in a certain widely publicized book on current options for Christians? In the United States itself, a series of female convents and monasteries are now exclusively Tradionalist. The development of Traditionalist contemplative life is a major step forward. 

Not is all rosy in the Traditionalist world – far from it! If anyone thought embracing Traditionalism would free Catholics from the administrative incompetence, materialism, personality conflicts, jealousies and rivalries – great and small, that have dogged the Church for ages – he soon found out otherwise. More specifically to Traditionalism, the celebration of the Old Mass remains under restriction and close supervision in many dioceses in the United States. Seminarians often face hurdles in participating in Latin Masses; some members of mainstream orders who celebrate the Traditional mass don’t want to be photographed or identified. Ecclesiastical favor or disfavor is all very random and often changes month to month.

But, of course, the main threat hanging over the Traditionalists’ heads is the threat of the papacy of Francis. The Pope has continued to denounce them over the years, in uncouth but unambiguous language, as mentally ill and worse.  And the sycophants of Francis, both in and outside of the Vatican, have amplified his words. It has not eluded them – nor their master – that so many of the opponents of Francis’ regime have connections to the world of Traditionalism. 

Outside the United States, the Vatican has struck again and again with utter ruthlessness at smaller Traditionalist seminaries, orders and congregations. In the United States itself, we have the actions of Cardinal Cupich, Bergoglio’s main paladin in the American hierarchy, against the parish of St John Cantius. Moreover, any action the Pope might take restricting the old liturgy would be unlikely to encounter any organized episcopal opposition. For if Bergoglio has demonstrated conclusively one thing over the last six years, it is that, aside from individual exceptions, the hierarchs of the Catholic Church will not oppose anything he says or does.  

Yet, so far, the Pope has not sought to impose any general restrictions on the Traditional liturgy. True, the pope has just abolished the Ecclesia Dei commission, (charged with certain supervisory and appeals functions under SP) but we do not yet know the exact intent of that step. Why this reticence to act? Perhaps, as I surmised in 2014, Bergoglio first has had to deal with other aspects of the progressive agenda that – so it would seem to him – affect the Church more broadly: divorce, homosexuality, married priests, female deacons and even priests, “synodality,” etc. Moreover, at this very moment, the Church’s handling of issues of clerical sexual abuse and homosexuality is generating a crisis even shaking the strongest pillars holding up Bergoglianism– the Western secular media.

Recently certain prominent Traditionalists seem to have lost their heads over this situation, predicting the imminent demise of the Traditional Mass or of SP due to a papal prohibition. I am not so sure! Are not these voices still imprisoned in the Ultramontane world, where everything depends on official support and papal favor? We have seen how American Traditionalism has survived and even flourished in the last five years. And, paradoxically, hasn’t the papacy of Francis had a liberating effect on Traditionalism? A Pope, for example, who so prominently disregards liturgical norms from the earliest days of his pontificate also empowers Traditionalists to “do the right thing” liturgically instead of anxiously pondering issues of rubrics, authority and legality. If the Pope takes some repressive action, I do not know what the reaction of the Traditionalists will be – as opposed to that of the hierarchy. But I do believe that, whatever may come, a movement that by now is so broad in its membership and support will continue, in the ways open to it, the slow but relentless course of renewal and reform.

The Heresy of Formlessness

The Roman Liturgy and its Enemy

By Martin Mosebach

Foreword by Robert Spaemann

 

Translated by Graham Harrison

Revised and Expanded Edition

 

(Angelico Press, Brooklyn, N.Y. 2018)

 

 

 

This year we welcome a new edition of a book that is, for the Catholic Traditionalist, one of the most basic books of all. Since 2002, The Heresy of Formlessness has remained the best introductory text to Catholic Traditionalism. It provides the substantive reasons for adhering to the Old Rite. Instead of the usual Roman Catholic focus on legal questions of validity and authority, this book takes as its starting point how the Mass – Traditional, “Novus Ordo” and Eastern – is experienced today. For Mosebach combines a novelist’s gift of depiction with great knowledge – both practical and theoretical – of the liturgy in all its forms.

 

This new edition is a revision of the previous 2006 translation published by Ignatius Press, augmented by six essays, some of which have been published (and translated) before. Jettisoned is Fr Fessio’s unique foreword which criticized the very book it was introducing. But much has changed since 2002 when The Heresy of Formlessness first appeared in German! In those years, the Traditional liturgy – especially in Germany – was very much an underground phenomenon, the province of “outsiders.” Today, especially in the United States in the wake of Summorum Pontificum, the Traditional Mass can be encountered more or less frequently – often celebrated with great ceremony and splendor.

 

This edition has a new, important foreword by Robert Spaemann – to whom the book is dedicated.  Spaemann outlines for us the German context of The Heresy of Formlessness. In Germany, the opposition of the clergy to the Traditional Liturgy remains fierce and unbroken to the present day. Moreover, the spirit of progressivism has maintained absolute, quasi-totalitarian dominance In Germany for decades now. Spaemann illustrates this with examples of the Novus Ordo liturgies he has experienced everywhere. Given such a closed, asphyxiating environment, in 2002 Mosebach’s book broke all the taboos. Mosebach opened a discussion on the liturgy that the establishment has not been able to silence since.

 

I don’t see the need to say anything more on the main thrust of this book beyond what I wrote in my original 2003 review.  The new essays in this edition are gems. Consider “Why the Holy Mass must be Sung.” Mosebach starts from the soft fluttering of flights of starlings over Rome, proceeds to considerations on the participation of angels in the liturgy, then draws on the Byzantine liturgy to illustrate how the congregation “represents” the angels – who sing – all leading to and supporting the conclusion that the primary form of the Mass is the sung liturgy! Or “The Last Gospel” where Mosebach argues that its appearance at the end of the mass in the 13th century coincided with the perfection of Eucharistic devotion in the Corpus Christ liturgy of St Thomas Aquinas. This Eucharistic devotion created a renewed focus the Incarnation – it was thus fitting that St John’s Gospel should be read at the end of every mass, where Christ has appeared again. Moreover:

 

“Those who are committed to the Last Gospel will not agree, either, with the widely accepted custom of permitting the congregation to sing a hymn while this Gospel is being read.  It makes sense for the acolytes to take their places at the foot of the altar during the reading of the Last Gospel in the same way that the Gospel of the day does. As a text that is constantly being read and that many people know by heart, the prologue of St John can be read (un)self-consciously sotto voce while the members of the congregation follow it in their missals. The aim of the prologue is contemplation, the retrospective beholding of a lived reality. At the end of Mass there should be an appropriate silence, as during the confession of sin at its beginning.”

 

Here we see Mosebach drawing out the meaning of details that even in current celebrations of the Traditional Liturgy are often given summary treatment. But, at the same time, does this discussion not show how far we have come from the days when an indifferently celebrated Low Mass was the best we could hope for? For nowadays in most places the goal is not just survival of the Roman liturgy but to make it as perfect as our poor human efforts can achieve. Let us not delude ourselves: even in the United States the Traditional liturgy remains suspect to the establishment, an anxiously monitored phenomenon. And I do not have to review for the readers of this blog developments elsewhere.  But despite all these shadows, we can affirm that what Martin Mosebach in The Heresy of Formlessness celebrated, predicted and advocated as a lone voice in 2002 has to a not inconsiderable extent been realized. Those who have not read this book owe it to themselves to do so!

 

 

Verteidigung der Tradition: Die unüberwindbare Wahrheit Christi.

(In Defense of Tradition: The Invincible Truth of Christ)

By Roberto de Mattei (German translation by Wolfram Schrems)

Foreword by Martin Mosebach

2017 Sankt Grignion Verlag, Altötting

(Original Italian edition, 2011)

The current age of the Church is of unmatched doctrinal confusion. Every dogma, every rule of morality is directly challenged by those within the church. And those claiming supreme teaching authority are exacerbating the confusion. Pope Francis has formally taught doctrines hardly reconcilable with the prior course of Catholic teaching. He has also confirmed, “with magisterial authority” the practices (presumably liturgical) of the Second Vatican Council. And then there is the series of canonizations of the heroes of Catholic modernity. This has left Catholics – particularly those who imagined themselves papal loyalists – in an increasingly dire situation. Professor Roberto de Mattei in this slim volume offers intellectual assistance.

The first half of In Defense of Tradition is a review of pre-conciliar church history. Critical moments are highlighted in which the institutional church and specifically the papacy initially failed to stand up to political and theological challenges. These existential crises finally were surmounted or contained only by the joint action of all members of the Church: the ordinary laity, the doctors of the church, the councils, the episcopate, the new religious orders, the papacy – and, we should not forget, the secular rulers. In the course of these conflicts issues such as the possibility of papal heresy and the duty to correct hierarchs and even popes were freely discussed and acknowledged.

We may wonder about the purpose of the first half of this book. Is it addressed to those few remaining true blue Catholics (like Opus Dei soldiers?) who conceive of church history as one triumphant progress under the day-to-day direction of an always infallible papacy? For I would expect that readers interested in a book like this (and who perhaps have read previous works of de Mattei and Mosebach) would be familiar with most of these historical facts. Rather, I think this historical outline “lays the foundation” for the specific discussion of tradition in the second half of this book. For it shows that exclusive concentration on the actions and pronouncements of the hierarchy and the papacy is an inadequate historical and theological basis for understanding the Church and its history. Yes, the Church and the papacy did endure these assaults in the past. But what then was the principle that enabled the Church to survive?

Now the most significant part is de Mattei’s theological exposition of the meaning of tradition in the second half of his book. For it was though faithfulness to tradition that the prior crises of the Church were overcome. What is tradition? It is the deposit of faith handed down from Christ to the Church. Indeed, for the first decades of her existence, the Church had to rely exclusively on tradition – the first scriptures were only gradually being written. This tradition is the true “rule of faith” made manifest in many ways over the course of history but above all in the liturgy.

Relying on extensive theological literature, de Mattei in particular takes pains to distinguish tradition from the Church’s teaching authority or magisterium (itself a very late concept to develop). The magisterium is not a “source” of truth or creator of tradition, but rather an authority or “function” bestowed upon the Church.

De Mattei clearly expounds and defines the sources of theological truth, the meaning of “Church” and the meaning of magisterium. He warns against the concept of a free-floating magisterium as the ultimate criterion of truth. Outside of the “solemn magisterium” the so-called “ordinary magisterium” can acquire a character of infallibility only when it is in harmony with tradition. De Mattei also takes issue with the notion of “hermeneutics” as the key to discerning tradition. For that concept introduces a “subjective” element which shifts the focus from objective tradition to the interpreting subject.

This precious second half of In Defense of Tradition provides the Catholic reader with the clearest and most succinct exposition of these issues of which I know.

Marin Mosebach has contributed a forceful introduction to the German translation of de Mattei’s book. For there has been a very significant shift in the ecclesiastical context since 2011, the year of this book’s original publication. At that time, the author did have to define and justify tradition against the claims of the Second Vatican Council and its implementors. But he also had to defend the authority of Pope Benedict XVI against a renewed tide of anti-papal rage fostered by the Catholic progressives and specifically by the Catholic church in Germany. Today, under Bergoglio, we have both the greatest rupture with Catholic doctrine and practice since the 1960’s combined with unlimited assertions of the scope of the magisterium.

Mosebach brings out some points more explicitly than in the original text, e.g.,

“After the First Vatican Council a papalist theology arose that greatly exceeded the definition of the papal office in Catholic tradition. The consciousness of the strict anchoring of the pope in tradition faded – the excesses of the political claims of the medieval popes found their equivalent in the exaggeration of their spiritual authority in the 19th and 20th centuries. It could appear to the naive believer that infallibility extended to every imaginable aspect of life and that the plenary authority of the pope permitted even the abolition of tradition. As this then actually occurred at a most sensitive spot – I am referring to the liturgical reform of Pope Paul VI – the first doubts arose regarding this theology…”

Mosebach then provides a frank discussion of the reign of Francis, in which it often appears that the pope is less concerned about transmitting what is specifically Catholic than in following the agenda of the mass media. Mosebach states:

Roberto de Mattei wants to show his readers how to remain a Catholic loyal to the pope without as a consequence becoming deaf and blind.

In Defense of Tradition answers a real need. This brief handbook and guide will serve well in this time of crisis. Evidence of the interest in this text was the presentation of this book on July 9 at a well-attended conference in Munich with both de Mattei and Mosebach (among others) speaking. Fortunately, we understand an English translation will be forthcoming shortly.

(Translations are mine for which I ask the reader’s forbearance)

The Age of Secularization

By Augusto del Noce

Edited and translated by Carlo Lancellotti

(McGill-Queen’s University Press Montreal 2017)

At times we have to turn away from the current dramatic situation in Catholicism: the ever-increasing radicalism of Bergoglio and his associates and allies accompanied by the continuing spread, at a lower level, of traditionalist countercurrents in liturgy and morality. To understand what is going on now we have to get to the philosophical and historical roots of the current crisis. It is a grave weakness particularly of Americans to want immediate action in the absence of a solid intellectual foundation. Over the next several weeks I’d like to review some recently published or republished books that, in my judgment, help to provide that basis.

Augusto del Noce was a distinguished Catholic philosopher whose works, thanks to the sterling efforts of Professor Carlo Lancellotti of the City University of New York, are only now appearing in English translation. The Age of Secularization, prompted especially by the tumultuous years of the 1960s, was published in Italy in 1970 and our translation appeared in 2017! But we can think of many other key Catholic authors who remain largely or totally untranslated in English: Roberto de Mattei, Martin Mosebach, Gómez Dávila, etc. The Catholic traditionalist still has to be a polyglot if he wants to discover the breadth of Catholic thought.

Augusto del Noce resolutely champions the primacy of philosophical reflection. In conformity with the classical tradition, it is philosophy that provides the necessary means to understanding current society and events. In these respects, as in many others, del Noce will remind the reader of the late Thomas Molnar. Indeed, Professor de Mattei informs me that on at least one occasion they both appeared together at a conference. And The Age of Secularization is more directly reminiscent of several works of Molnar published around the same time (e.g., Ecumenism or New Reformation aka Dialogues and Ideologues, 1968) The intellectual background and approach of the two authors differ though. Thomas Molnar operates in the French and general European intellectual world and favors a lengthy historical analysis of any topic. Del Noce is more focused on the 19th and 20th centuries and lives within the Italian philosophical tradition. He devotes much time to Italian history and national favorites such as Croce, Gentile and Rosmini. I don’t think the intellectual context of the author, however, is a barrier to the non-Italian reader – Prof. Lancellotti’s excellent footnotes help greatly. And del Noce also draws on and analyzes St. Thomas, St Augustine, Simone Weil and various Marxists as well.

Now del Noce seeks to situate the events of the postwar period in their spiritual and intellectual context. And were not the 1960’s the period of most profound social and moral change? We note – surprisingly or not – that for this task del Noce does not feel the need to cite the texts of the Second Vatican Council and more recent Papal pronouncements (except for a tangential and actually critical reference to Gaudium et Spes). That would seem odd for a “Catholic” philosopher – given that the fathers of the Council claimed for themselves the ability to read “the signs of the times.” But then del Noce’s assessment of modernity does not agree at all with the Conciliar optimism. Indeed, much of The Age of Secularization is a critique of progressive Catholicism – Teilhardian or otherwise -which del Noce’s identifies with a renewal of the Modernism condemned by Pope Pius X.

Del Noce identifies Western secular society – the society of well-being, or the “technological” or “affluent” society – as the dominant force today and the absolute antithesis of religion. For it utterly denies the very possibility of a religious dimension. In that regard it surpasses Marxism as a foe of Christianity. For that ideology, although inherently atheistic, retains an inverted religious element in dialectical materialism.

Del Noce describes the “age of secularization” in these words: We started from the ideals of universal liberation, and it seems the world is moving towards the organization of oligarchies and sociocratic castes like have never been seen before. The words freedom, democracy and justice are untouchable, and rights are constantly declared, but this does not alter the fact that actual reality is marching towards a synthesis of all the forms of despotism that ever appeared in history.

Del Noce’s perspectives are original and creative. For example, the post-World War II era should be seen as not a crisis of faith, but a crisis of the secular alternatives to faith: “philosophical” secularism, fascism, Nazism and communism. One would think that this crisis should open the door once again to the transcendent. In del Noce’s view, the student protests of 1968 were in their origin an understandable uprising against the dehumanizing affluent society. Tragically, though, these movements were imbued from the start with anarchistic, totalitarian and libertine elements so that the revolts ended up reinforcing, rather than abolishing, the affluent society.

Del Noce addresses the issues of “Christian democracy” – the author acknowledges a tension between the two concepts – especially as practiced in Italy after World War II. This period of Christian democratic hegemony saw the greatest decline in Christian moral values – not in favor of Marxism but hedonism and eroticism. Del Noce still advocates the notion of a “Catholic” party – against Catholic progressives who were condemning it- but on the basis of a radical reinvestigation of its own principles. But then del Noce is not one to offer “solutions” or a political program. He stakes out for himself a unique political stance: liberal (in the European sense), Maritainian, but not as these terms were commonly understood in 1970. I do have here one criticism of Prof. Lancellotti’s otherwise outstanding work as editor and translator. In the chapter dealing most directly with question of Christian democracy the translator had deleted a number of passages in which del Noce turned his attention to concrete political issues of his day. Admittedly these paragraphs would require footnotes to explain exactly what was going on in those years – but also might enable us to get a better sense of del Noce’s judgment as a political actor.

Finally, let me quote del Noce who (apparently relying on Max Scheler) defines the characteristics that distinguish the “traditional” idea of man (which “achieved its fullness in Christian thought”) from the “instrumentalist” understanding of the current age:

(A) man possesses in himself an agent whose essence is divine, which every nature does not contain subjectively;
(b) this agent and the power that eternally shapes and organizes the world are in their principle one and the same – hence reason’s aptitude at knowing the world;
(c) as logos and human reason, this agent is capable of exercising power and realizing its own ideal content, without any intervention by the inclinations and sensations that men and animals share in common – that is in history itself there is a priority of ideal causality.

A bit challenging? – perhaps. But it summarizes del Noce’s unshakeable conviction of the primacy of the spiritual, of contemplation and of philosophical reflection. I can only mention in this review a few of the innumerable insights of del Noce. The Age of Secularization is essential reading for anyone who wants to find out what is driving developments, not just in 1970, but now. And, perhaps, also find insights and principles that provide a foundation for Catholic spiritual survival.

from Martin Mosebach in the New Liturgical Movement. A continuation of the debate occasioned by the liturgical “pastoral adaptations” in the concluding mass of this year’s Chartres pilgrimage. Somebody finally scrutinized what is going on….

Letter from Martin Mosebach Responding to “Pastoral Clergy”

NLM is delighted to be able to share with our readers an exclusive translation of a refreshingly direct letter written by the German novelist Martin Mosebach, who is well-known to lovers of the traditional liturgy for his book The Heresy of Formlessness, recently back in print in a revised and expanded edition by Angelico Press (see here).

Mr. Mosebach’s letter, which appeared in Die Tagespost on July 28, was prompted by an article of Fr Engelbert Recktenwald FSSP that had appeared in the same paper exactly one month before. (Readers may recall that Fr Recktenwald’s charges of aestheticism, rubricism, and purism have been the subject of two rebuttals at NLM: this and this.) Those who love the usus antiquior will find this letter a most succint and elegant statement of the essence of the matter. Our thanks to Stuart Chessman of the Society of St. Hugh of Cluny for his translation, and to the author for his permission to publish it here.

Peter Kwasniewski

Lefebvre Provided Emergency Aid to the Church

We only can agree with Fr Recktenwald FSSP when he regards with pride and joy the thirtieth anniversary of the Fraternity of St Peter (of which he is a cofounder). There can’t be enough orders, fraternities, and institutes that are dedicated to the preservation of Tradition. Based on this success, it would perhaps also have been still possible not to emphasize all too strongly the conflict with the FSSPX from which the FSSP emerged. It is an incontestable fact that liturgical Tradition would have come to an end except for the actions of Archbishop Lefebvre. In a critical hour in the history of the Church, Lefebvre provided emergency assistance to a Rome impaired in its freedom of action, and in so doing took upon himself the odium of disobedience. It seems that Rome also has adopted this view, by revoking the excommunication of the bishops consecrated by Lefebvre and by the papal declaration that the old Rite had never been abolished because it really never could be abolished. Gratitude for the 30 years of the FSSP must always go hand in hand with gratitude towards Archbishop Lefebvre — even if the FSSP arose from a conflict with him.

Very surprising is Fr Recktenwald’s criticism of laymen knowledgeable in the liturgy, who stand up for Gregorian chant and the reading of the Gospel in Latin. As for the preservation of Tradition, Fr Recktenwald obviously has in mind the practice of the 1950’s, in which the singing of lengthy hymns often obscured the liturgical action. The liturgical reform was felt necessary in part just because of this two-track situation. Whoever would like to get to know the old rite better is disturbed by the singing of (not always first-class) hymns. The locations where the old rite is celebrated are not so numerous that a great variety of celebrations of the Mass can be offered. He who is seeking out the old rite will primarily be looking for a Mass that is “totally other” than the usual celebrations of the Eucharist — even, it should be noted, those completely reverential new Masses that fortunately exist in many places. But adoration is impaired because the priest, not the Cross, is the center. The norm of the Mass is precisely the solemn chanted liturgy.

Fr Recktenwald should rather rejoice that the liturgical crisis has brought forth so many laypeople knowledgeable in the liturgy. But it may be difficult for him that this same crisis has discredited the concept of “pastoral.” “Pastoral” is understood more than ever as a clerical paternalism that pretends to know “what’s good for the people.” We cannot reproach anyone for this distrust. We continue to remember that the great crisis proceeded from the clergy. In this respect, the movement for liturgical Tradition belongs absolutely to the new spiritual movements, which are distinguished by a strong participation of the laity. In the interest of justice, it should be mentioned that, internationally, the line propagated by Fr Recktenwald is probably in the minority. The grand liturgies in Ssma Trinità dei Pellegrini, the Roman church of the FSSP, can be considered exemplary for the universal Church.

Martin Mosebach
60322 Frankfurt am Main

SOURCE: Pastoral Clergy

Lost Shepherd: How Pope Francis is misleading his Flock

By Philip F. Lawler

(2018 Regnery Gateway, Washington DC)

Many of us know Philip Lawler as a sharp-eyed critic of the media and Catholic institutions. On his Catholic Culture site and in his book The Faithful Departed, he provides perceptive and honest commentary on the press and the (pathetic) state of the institutional Church. He shows a special talent in dissecting official pronouncements and press releases to reveal what is being said or not said.

In Lost Shepherd he attempts to make sense of the pontificate of Pope Francis. But it is one thing to provide running commentary on current developments. It is quite another to attempt to understand a revolutionary movement and put in its political and historical context. The recent Dictator Pope made a commendable first effort to do just that. Lost Shepherd is less successful.

A Catholic Conservative is at a distinct disadvantage here. Since 1968 or so his entire “ideology” (a perhaps inexact term) has been unswerving loyalty to the papacy. He saw his mission as defending it and (depending on the writer)other Church institutions against both the attacks of so-called dissenters and the all too frequent failings of the local hierarchy. This framework of analysis and the a priori positions it entails are totally inadequate to deal with the phenomenon of Francis. For the fundamental problem is that, after his initial reluctance to face the truth, Lawler has to admit:

[E]very day (I am exaggerating, but only slightly ) the pope issues another reminder that he does not approve of Catholics like me.

Indeed, as chronicled in this book, Pope Francis and his team have specifically rejected all the characteristic positions of Lawler and his fellow American Conservative Catholics. The pope even may be a “radical.” But for Lawler to acknowledge that the papacy has gone over to the progressives would be too much; instead, he has to speak of Francis “misleading” or “confusing” the Church.

One largely misses Lawler, the biting commentator, in this book. Only here and there do we encounter his usual style:

His (the Pope’s – SC) warning about being “obsessed” with abortion and contraception made many loyal Catholics uneasy; it hardly seemed necessary to complain about a “obsession” with issues that are rarely even mentioned in a typical parish.

Instead, in an attempt to be even-handed, we are offered blander prose, studded with quotes from fellow conservatives and “centrists.” Now and then Lawler even falls into sycophantic church-speak, such as, when discussing Evangelii Gaudium:

Francis provides a rich variety of useful suggestions for pastors and for lay people who wish to share their faith.

Lawler discusses the 2013 papal election, the failed economic and organizational reforms at the Vatican, Amoris Letitia and the reaction thereto and Francis’s style and leadership. I didn’t find his analysis of any of these topics particularly insightful. At no time does he provide a detailed comparison of the policies of Francis with the reigning ideas of progressive Catholicism or indeed of the secular establishment. That would show that Francis’s policies are a lot less confusing than Lawler makes them out to be.

The author provides only sketchy historical background. And what he does provide is incomplete and superficial – such as his contrast of a supposed age of stability and sanctity under John Paul II and Benedict with the current regime. For as Lawler himself acknowledges in Lost Shepherd, this prior era of Vatican excellence may not always have made any difference in the life of Catholics at the parish level. Moreover, when our author praises the laissez-faire appointment policies of John Paul and Benedict, we must question his judgment. For are not their incompetent appointments one main reason that we have the Francis pontificate today? And if Lawler finds that:

Pope Francis has not taught heresy.

he has done so without having stated or responded to any arguments of those who presumably think he has.

It is of course a welcome development that yet another conservative feels compelled to disassociate himself very publicly from what is going on at the highest levels of the Church today, And readers wanting a reasonable summary of the last 5 years of Pope Francis may appreciate this book. It’s certainly miles ahead of the Francis biographies put out by the Pope’s media claque. But Lost Shepherd is unlikely to satisfy those seeking for real answers to how things could have come to this state.